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Although morphologically complete after being produced in the testis, sperm acquire fertilizing competence through a series of posttesticular maturation steps. During this journey, cues from the surrounding luminal fluids play a crucial role in sperm functional maturation. Among these signals, changes in the ion composition of the extracellular medium are particularly important. Sperm detect these ion fluctuations and regulate their intracellular ion concentrations through membrane ion transport systems. Although some of these transporters are shared with somatic cells, others have evolved as specialized molecular variants uniquely adapted to meet the specific physiological demands of sperm. Genetic mutations and dysfunction of certain ion transporters have been associated with male infertility. 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