{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T03:19:45Z","timestamp":1770347985611,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the lungs, neuronal M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>muscarinic receptors limit ACh release from parasympathetic nerves. In antigen-challenged animals, eosinophil proteins block these receptors, resulting in increased ACh release and vagally mediated hyperresponsiveness. In contrast, diabetic rats are hyporesponsive and have increased M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor function. Because there is a low incidence of asthma among diabetic patients, we investigated whether diabetes protects neuronal M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor function in antigen-challenged rats. Antigen challenge of sensitized rats decreased M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor function, increased vagally mediated hyperreactivity by 75%, and caused a 10-fold increase in eosinophil accumulation around airway nerves. In antigen-challenged diabetic rats, neuronal M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor function was preserved and there was no eosinophil accumulation around airway nerves. Insulin treatment of diabetic rats completely restored loss of M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor function, vagally mediated hyperresponsiveness, and eosinophilia after antigen challenge. These data demonstrate that insulin is required for development of airway inflammation, loss of neuronal M<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>muscarinic receptor function, and subsequent hyperresponsiveness in antigen-challenged rats and may explain decreased incidence of asthma among diabetic humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.5.1708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T20:33:15Z","timestamp":1513974795000},"page":"1708-1718","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Role of insulin in antigen-induced airway eosinophilia and neuronal M<sub>2<\/sub>muscarinic receptor dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"K. E.","family":"Belmonte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. D.","family":"Fryer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. W.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12091.x"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-1-5-402"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1959.197.2.377","volume":"197","author":"Adamkiewicz V. W.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.38.12.1611"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.96.6.1285"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701274"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4690","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.10.4690","volume":"157","author":"Berman M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(84)80032-2"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y91-134"},{"issue":"17","key":"B10","first-page":"L93","volume":"273","author":"Costello R.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.12.3.7873198"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119763"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.3.627"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119372"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116116"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1984.tb16539.x"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.6.2255"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(73)90246-X"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"81","volume":"8","author":"Green C. J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Laboratory Animal Handbooks."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.1.8025754"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6438.149"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1958.tb01762.x"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"A821","volume":"151","author":"Jacoby D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116331"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"143","volume":"75","author":"Kamata K.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1991.tb09843.x"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108287"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.6.2461"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"6471","volume":"50","author":"Oksenberg D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201303260504"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-0600(90)90009-8"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-12-03809.1991"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(95)70007-2"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(80)90123-2"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/151.3_Pt_1.809"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1988.02150070040021"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"91","volume":"69","author":"Wilson P.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.5.1708","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T05:23:22Z","timestamp":1693373002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.5.1708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.5.1708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.5.1708","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7587","1522-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]}}}