{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:29:49Z","timestamp":1791109789304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple factors may contribute to the dyspnea associated with restrictive ventilatory disease (RVD). Simple models that examine specific features of this problem are likely to provide insight into the mechanisms. Previous models of RVD utilizing elastic loads may not represent completely the impact on pulmonary and chest wall receptors derived from breathing at low thoracic volumes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensory consequences of breathing at low lung volumes induced by external thoracic restriction in an attempt to further elucidate the etiology of dyspnea in this setting. Ten men were studied, with and without an inelastic corset applied at residual volume (restriction resulted in mean reductions in vital capacity, functional residual capacity, residual volume, and forced expired volume in 1 s of 44, 31, 12.5, and 42%, respectively). During 10-min steady-state exercise tests (at a workload set to achieve \u223c65% maximum heart rate), restriction resulted in significant increases, compared with control, in minute ventilation (61 vs. 49 l\/min), respiratory frequency (43 vs. 23 breaths\/min), and visual analog scale measurements of respiratory discomfort (65 vs. 20 mm). Alveolar hyperventilation (end-tidal [Formula: see text] = 39 vs. 44 Torr for control) and mild O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>desaturation (arterial blood O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>saturation = 93 vs. 95% for control) occurred. Hypoxemia, atelectasis, increased work and effort of breathing, or a decrease in the volume-related feedback from chest wall and\/or lungs could be responsible for the increased dyspnea reported. External thoracic restriction provides a useful model to study mechanisms of dyspnea in RVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.4.1142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T14:10:22Z","timestamp":1513951822000},"page":"1142-1150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["External thoracic restriction, respiratory sensation, and ventilation during exercise in men"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Helen R.","family":"Harty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University College, Dublin 2, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas R.","family":"Corfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Schwartzstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0690663"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90065-7"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1986.134.5.920","volume":"134","author":"Bradley T. 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