{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T20:40:32Z","timestamp":1774125632271,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To elucidate whether deep inhalation (DI) modulates changes in airway caliber in childhood, we measured the effect of DI on respiratory impedance before and after inhaled methacholine or salbutamol in 4- to 7-yr-old children ( n = 15) suffering from recurrent wheezing. In all children, the real part of impedance between 12 and 16 Hz (Re[Z]<jats:sub>12\u201316<\/jats:sub>) increased after methacholine from 5.6 \u00b1 1.2 to 8.2 \u00b1 1.6 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O \u22c5 l<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\u22c5 s ( P &lt; 0.001) and resonance frequency from 18 \u00b1 3 to 25 \u00b1 5 Hz ( P &lt; 0.001). These changes were partially reversed by DI: Re[Z]<jats:sub>12\u201316<\/jats:sub>decreased to 7.2 \u00b1 1.2 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O \u22c5 l<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\u22c5 s ( P &lt; 0.01) and resonance frequency to 19 \u00b1 5 Hz ( P&lt; 0.001). In nine children, on a separate occasion, Re[Z]<jats:sub>12\u201316<\/jats:sub>decreased after salbutamol from 8.3 \u00b1 1.9 to 5.1 \u00b1 0.9 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O \u22c5 l<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\u22c5 s ( P &lt; 0.001) and resonance frequency from 21 \u00b1 6 to 15 \u00b1 3 Hz ( P &lt; 0.05). The decrease of Re[Z]<jats:sub>12\u201316<\/jats:sub>was partially reversed by DI (to 6.2 \u00b1 1.4 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O \u22c5 l<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\u22c5 s, P &lt; 0.01), but resonance frequency did not change significantly ( P = 0.75). We conclude that in 4- to 7-yr-old children pharmacologically induced changes in airway caliber are modulated by DI. These findings suggest that airway-to-parenchyma interdependence is operative in this age range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.4.1259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]],"date-time":"2017-12-23T00:41:44Z","timestamp":1513989704000},"page":"1259-1264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Modulation of airway caliber by deep inhalation in children"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Manlio","family":"Milanese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e Riabilitative e Clinica delle Malattie dell' Apparato Respiratorio ed Allergologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Mondino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e Riabilitative e Clinica delle Malattie dell' Apparato Respiratorio ed Allergologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Tosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e Riabilitative e Clinica delle Malattie dell' Apparato Respiratorio ed Allergologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Universit\u00e0 di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. 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