{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:39:10Z","timestamp":1790257150824,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To test the hypothesis that an increasing opioid tonus is involved in decreases in fetal heart rate (FHR) and movement (FM) during late gestation, we studied the effects of intravenous bolus injections of morphine (1 mg) and naloxone (1 mg) on FHR and FM in the fetal pig. Twenty-one fetuses (1 per sow) were catheterized at 90\u2013104 days of gestation (median 100 days). Recordings of FHR (electrocardiograph or Doppler-derived signals) and FM (ultrasonography) were made from 15 min before to 45 min after treatment. Morphine administration significantly decreased FHR, but it increased FHR variation and forelimb movements (LM). LM were clustered, and this stereotyped behavior has never before been observed in any mammalian fetus. Naloxone administration increased gross body movements and FHR without significant changes in FHR variation. It is concluded that FHR and motility are under opioidergic control in the pig fetus. Both morphine and naloxone induce hypermotility, suggesting that naloxone does not act as a pure opioid antagonist in the fetal pig.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.4.1577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]],"date-time":"2017-12-23T03:23:54Z","timestamp":1513999434000},"page":"1577-1583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of morphine and naloxone on fetal heart rate and movement in the pig"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Parvizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute for Animal Science and Animal Behavior, FAL, 31535 Neustadt\/Rbge, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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