{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:51:13Z","timestamp":1772628673390,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonobstructive (i.e., central) sleep apnea is a major cause of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with stable congestive heart failure (CHF). Although central sleep apnea (CSA) is prevalent in this population, occurring in 40\u201350% of patients, its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Dynamic loop gain and delay of the chemoreflex response to CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>was measured during wakefulness in CHF patients with and without CSA by use of a pseudorandom binary CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>stimulus method. Use of a hyperoxic background minimized responses derived from peripheral chemoreceptors. The closed-loop and open-loop gain, estimated from the impulse response, was three times greater in patients with nocturnal CSA ( n = 9) than in non-CSA patients ( n = 9). Loop dynamics, estimated by the 95% response duration time, did not differ between the two groups of patients. We speculate that an increase in dynamic gain of the central chemoreflex response to CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>contributes to the genesis of CSA in patients with CHF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.1.408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T21:00:46Z","timestamp":1513976446000},"page":"408-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Dynamic ventilatory response to CO<sub>2<\/sub>in congestive heart failure patients with and without central sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Zbigniew L.","family":"Topor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Johannson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Kasprzyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian Technical University, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Remmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; 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