{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:08:56Z","timestamp":1784819336659,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 NS105785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 NS105785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MetroHealth Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> High-frequency spinal cord stimulation (HF-SCS) applied at the T2 spinal level results in physiologic activation of the inspiratory muscles in C2 spinal-sectioned dogs. Although the bulbo-spinal fibers were cut, they likely survived the duration of acute experiments, and inspiratory muscle activation may have involved stimulation of these fibers. In two anesthetized, C2 paralyzed, intubated, and mechanically ventilated dogs, HF-SCS (300 Hz) was applied at the T2 level. The effectiveness of HF-SCS in generating inspired volume (V) and negative airway pressures (P) was evaluated over a period of 5 days during which time the bulbo-spinal fibers would have degenerated. Because the effectiveness of HF-SCS may be adversely affected by deterioration of these fibers and\/or the condition of the animal, low-frequency (50 Hz) SCS (LF-SCS) was also performed and served as a control. All vital signs, oxygen saturation, and end-tidal Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> remained stable over the 5-day period. V and P also remained stable over the study period. For example, mean V and P were 771\u2009\u00b1\u200925 ml and 64\u2009\u00b1\u20091 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O with HF-SCS (3 mA) during the initial and 674\u2009\u00b1\u200959 ml and 63\u2009\u00b1\u20095 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O on the final day. Comparable values during LF-SCS (8 mA) were 467\u2009\u00b1\u200912 ml and 48\u2009\u00b1\u20091 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O during the initial and 397\u2009\u00b1\u200920 ml and 42\u2009\u00b1\u20092 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O on the final day. Because V and P in response to HF-SCS remained stable over a 5-day period following which the bulbo-spinal fibers would have degenerated, the mechanism of HF-SCS does not depend upon the viability of these tracts. HF-SCS therefore may be a useful method to restore ventilation in chronic ventilator dependent tetraplegics. <\/jats:p><jats:p> NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY This study indicates that the respiratory responses to high-frequency spinal cord stimulation applied at the T2 level results in activation of the inspiratory motoneuron pools via interneuronal circuits and\/or the inspiratory motoneurons directly and does not depend upon activation of long descending inspiratory bulbo-spinal fibers. This method therefore, may provide an alternative method to restore ventilation in ventilator dependent spinal cord injured patients. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00006.2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T13:33:01Z","timestamp":1558013581000},"page":"98-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["High-frequency spinal cord stimulation in a subacute animal model of spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Anthony F.","family":"DiMarco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Research, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof E.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio"},{"name":"Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.3.1264"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1965.20.6.1187"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.4.1395"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2004"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.6.1385"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.06.001"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.199679"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01321.2013"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00252.2009"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.03.017"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.12.003"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753863"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.2.671"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200203-175CR"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.6.2573"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1946.147.3.550"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.101915"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.210476"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)42233-4"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.13.2.89"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.08.023"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.3.407"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.03.006"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1939.128.1.45"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236596"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(67)90034-9"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1986.325720"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.335861"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199906)22:6<666:AID-MUS3>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1939.128.1.19"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(67)90033-7"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199602000-00008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00006.2019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T22:34:13Z","timestamp":1569969253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00006.2019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/japplphysiol.00006.2019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00006.2019","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7587","1522-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]}}}