{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:24:37Z","timestamp":1790519077079,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> If normal, eupneic breathing fails, gasping is recruited. Serotonin was proposed as essential for gasping, based on findings using an in vitro mouse preparation. This preparation generates rhythmic activities of the hypoglossal nerve that are considered to be akin to both eupnea and gasping. In previous studies, gasping of in situ rat and mouse preparations continued unabated following blockers of receptors for serotonin. However, hypoglossal activity was not recorded in the mouse, and we hypothesized that its discharge during gasping might be dependent on serotonin. In the in situ mouse preparation, hypoglossal discharge had varying and inconsistent patterns during eupnea, discharging concomitant with the phrenic burst, at varying intervals between phrenic bursts, or was silent in some respiratory cycles. In eupnea, phrenic discharge was incrementing, whereas hypoglossal discharge was decrementing in 15 of 20 preparations. During ischemia-induced gasping, peak phrenic height was reached at 205 \u00b1 17 ms, compared with 282 \u00b1 27.9 ms after the start of the eupneic burst ( P &lt; 0.002). In contrast, rates of rise of hypoglossal discharge in gasping (peak at 233 \u00b1 25 ms) and eupnea (peak at 199 \u00b1 19.2 ms) were the same. The uncoupling of hypoglossal from phrenic discharge in eupnea was exacerbated by methysergide, an antagonist of serotonin receptors. These findings demonstrate that hypoglossal discharge alone cannot distinguish eupnea from gasping nor, in eupnea, can hypoglossal activity be used to differentiate neural inspiration from expiration. These findings have significant negative implications for conclusions drawn from the in vitro medullary slice of mouse. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00023.2009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T01:51:13Z","timestamp":1243561873000},"page":"686-695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Discharge of the hypoglossal nerve cannot distinguish eupnea from gasping, as defined by phrenic discharge, in the in situ mouse"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Walter M.","family":"St. John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Leiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00565.x"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00009-X"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(71)90055-7"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.01.001"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonora M, Shields GI, Knuth SL, Bartlett D, St. John WM. Selective depression by ethanol of upper airway respiratory motor activity in cats. Am Rev Respir Dis 130: 156\u2013161, 1984.","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1984.130.2.156"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"Bonora M, St. John WM, Bledsoe TA. Differential elevation by protriptyline and depression by diazepam of upper airway respiratory motor activity. Am Rev Respir Dis 131: 41\u201345, 1985."},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.10.099"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903570305"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000313)418:3<323::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1871"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020387"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(72)90050-3"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30429-9"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.3.785"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.05.014"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2004.06.008"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75776"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1923.sp002052"},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"Lumsden T. Effects of bulbar anaemia on respiratory movements. J Physiol 59: lvii\u2013lx, 1924."},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)9003-3"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91393-F"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00646.2004"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.17.2124"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1650"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00373846"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00003.2007a"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.1.269"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00594-2"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a F, Meza-Andrade R, P\u00e1ez-Zayas V, Gonz\u00e1lez-Mar\u00edn MC. Gasping generation in developing Swiss-Webster mice in vitro and in vivo. Neurochem Res 33: 1512\u20131500, 2008.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9616-x"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.06.023"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-24-11055.2002"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.05.003"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.60.1.385"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00347.2001"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1926-07.2008"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.022566"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segers LS, Nuding SC, Dick TE, Shannon R, Baekey DM, Solomon IC, Morris KF, Lindsey BG. Functional connectivity in the pontomedullary respiratory network. J Neurophysiol 100: 1751\u20131769, 2008.","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90414.2008"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00985.2007"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2003.07.001"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.07.011"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.4.1305"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.5.1865"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00031-8"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.12.002"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2006.035931"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00599.2007"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2004.028829"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91461.2008"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00177-8"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.04.018"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00071.2007"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00489-X"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4186-05.2006"},{"key":"R54","unstructured":"Wang SC, Ngai SH, Frumin MJ. Organization of central respiratory mechanisms in the brain stem of the cat: genesis of normal respiratory rhythmicity. Am J Physiol 190: 333\u2013342, 1957."},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021143"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06214.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00023.2009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T21:44:02Z","timestamp":1567979042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00023.2009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/japplphysiol.00023.2009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00023.2009","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7587","1522-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}}}