{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T12:32:14Z","timestamp":1777206734368,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The mechanisms underlying poor glucose tolerance in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), along with its improvement after several weeks of neuromuscular electrical stimulation-induced resistance exercise (NMES-RE) training, remain unclear, but presumably involve the affected skeletal musculature. We, therefore, investigated skeletal muscle signaling pathways associated with glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) translocation at rest and shortly after a single bout of NMES-RE in SCI ( n = 12) vs. able-bodied (AB, n = 12) men. Subjects completed an oral glucose tolerance test during visit 1 and \u224890 NMES-RE isometric contractions of the quadriceps during visit 2. Muscle biopsies were collected before, and 10 and 60 min after, NMES-RE. We assessed transcript levels of GLUT-4 by quantitative PCR and protein levels of GLUT-4 and phosphorylated- and total AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-\u03b1, CaMKII, Akt, and AS160 by immunoblotting. Impaired glucose tolerance in SCI was confirmed by higher ( P &lt; 0.05) plasma glucose concentrations than AB at all time points after glucose ingestion, despite equivalent insulin responses to the glucose load. GLUT-4 protein content was lower ( P &lt; 0.05) in SCI vs. AB at baseline. Main group effects revealed higher phosphorylation in SCI of AMPK-\u03b1, CaMKII, and Akt ( P &lt; 0.05), and Akt phosphorylation increased robustly ( P &lt; 0.05) following NMES-RE in SCI only. In SCI, low skeletal muscle GLUT-4 protein concentration may, in part, explain poor glucose tolerance, whereas heightened phosphorylation of relevant signaling proteins (AMPK-\u03b1, CaMKII) suggests a compensatory effort. Finally, it is encouraging to find (based on Akt) that SCI muscle remains both sensitive and responsive to mechanical loading (NMES-RE) even \u224822 yr after injury. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00122.2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,14]],"date-time":"2013-06-14T04:18:30Z","timestamp":1371183510000},"page":"756-764","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Skeletal muscle signaling associated with impaired glucose tolerance in spinal cord-injured men and the effects of contractile activity"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Ceren","family":"Yarar-Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;"},{"name":"UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Scott","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;"},{"name":"UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel T.","family":"Windham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;"},{"name":"UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amie B.","family":"McLain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;"},{"name":"UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcas M.","family":"Bamman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;"},{"name":"UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and"},{"name":"Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00267.2001"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Spinal Cord Injury: Facts and Figures at a Glance","year":"2012"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01387.2003"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405533200"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100893"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2001.11753584"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90126-0"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00895.2004"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00014.2003"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2004.01.0033"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d964e4"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-026"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.12.2335"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050606"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.1.350"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.36.4.434"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.113175"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2003.10.007"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101729"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.195925"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.147660"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/314164a0"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00123.2005"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1398"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00693.2006"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2004.12.003"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.6.1692"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.5.1192"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00513.2005"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1307-y"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01474.2005"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01489.2005"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91208.2008"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00686.2010"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.12.021"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00609.2006"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.2.693"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.202432"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.174888"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00512.2001"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-2806(98)80003-0"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.111757"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.4930247.x"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2001.00827.x"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00151.2009"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00380.2006"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.3.1017"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1230"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00659.2009"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.330"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006861628496"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00122.2013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:10:31Z","timestamp":1567987831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00122.2013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/japplphysiol.00122.2013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00122.2013","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7587","1522-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}}}