{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T04:52:08Z","timestamp":1648529528802},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 has been implicated in several muscle-wasting disorders, with increased levels of the cytokine reported in malnourished children. The role of TNF-\u03b1 in mediating malnutrition-induced inhibition of diaphragm (DIA) muscle growth in young growing rats was evaluated. Three groups of rats were studied: 1) control (CTL); 2) nutritional deprivation (ND; 50% of normal food intake for 7 days); and 3) ND + rat specific anti-TNF-\u03b1 antibody. DIA fiber cross-sectional areas were determined. Serum and muscle TNF-\u03b1 levels were measured by real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Body weights decreased 20% in ND rats and increased 46% in CTL animals. Anti-TNF-\u03b1 had no effect on body weight or on DIA mass in ND animals. ND significantly reduced cross-sectional areas of all fiber types (33\u201346%). Anti-TNF-\u03b1 failed to attenuate ND-induced inhibition of DIA fiber growth. Serum TNF-\u03b1 levels increased 2.6-fold in ND animals, with levels suppressed to below CTL values with anti-TNF-\u03b1. DIA TNF-\u03b1 mRNA and protein levels increased two- to threefold in ND rats. Anti-TNF-\u03b1 antibodies suppressed muscle levels of the cytokine in ND animals to near CTL values. TNF-\u03b1 immunoreactivity in all DIA fibers revealed similar directions of change in both ND groups. Direction and magnitude of change in DIA phosphorylated p38 MAPK (a likely second messenger of TNF-\u03b1) tracked those of TNF-\u03b1. Muscle levels of IGF-I mRNA and phosphorylated Akt were markedly reduced in ND animals with no change following anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy. Thus rat anti-TNF-\u03b1 at a dose known to neutralize the cytokine failed to attenuate or reverse ND-induced inhibition of DIA fiber growth in our model. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00238.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,8]],"date-time":"2005-07-08T00:40:15Z","timestamp":1120783215000},"page":"1649-1657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and malnutrition-induced inhibition of diaphragm fiber growth in young rats"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Michael I.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-6568(02)00120-1"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001573-199905000-00004"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00054.2004"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600167"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"Cheema IR, Hermann C, Postell S, and Barnes P. 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