{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:29:34Z","timestamp":1787063374684,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) is a proinflammatory cytokine that regulates the response of many tissues following injury. Previous studies in our lab have shown that treating muscles with TGF-\u03b2 results in a dramatic accumulation of type I collagen, substantial fiber atrophy, and a marked decrease in force production. Because TGF-\u03b2 promotes atrophy and fibrosis, our objective was to investigate whether the inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 after injury would enhance the recovery of muscle following injury. We hypothesized that inhibiting TGF-\u03b2 after contraction-induced injury would improve the functional recovery of muscles by preventing muscle fiber atrophy and weakness, and by limiting the accumulation of fibrotic scar tissue. To test this hypothesis, we induced an injury using a series of in situ lengthening contractions to extensor digitorum longus muscles of mice treated with either a bioneutralizing antibody against TGF-\u03b2 or a sham antibody. Compared with controls, muscles from mice receiving TGF-\u03b2 inhibitor showed a greater recovery in force 3 days and 7 days after injury but had a decrease in force compared with controls at the 21-day time point. The early enhancement in force in the TGF-\u03b2 inhibitor group was associated with an initial improvement in tissue morphology, but, at 21 days, while the control group was fully recovered, the TGF-\u03b2 inhibitor group displayed an irregular extracellular matrix and an increase in atrogin-1 gene expression. These results indicate that the inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 promotes the early recovery of muscle function but is detrimental overall to full muscle recovery following moderate to severe muscle injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00374.2013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,14]],"date-time":"2013-06-14T00:18:30Z","timestamp":1371169110000},"page":"539-545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Targeted inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 results in an initial improvement but long-term deficit in force production after contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Gumucio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"},{"name":"Department of Molecular &amp; Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; 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