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Axial and sagittal images of the velopharyngeal airway were obtained, and the volume of each image was computed at airway pressures ranging from +5.0 to \u22125.0 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. We obtained images in the hypoglossal intact animal (i.e., coactivation of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles) and after selective denervation of the intrinsic tongue muscles, with and without electrical stimulation. Denervation of the intrinsic tongue muscles reduced velopharyngeal airway volume at atmospheric and positive airway pressures. Electrical stimulation of the intact hypoglossal nerve increased velopharyngeal airway volume; however, when stimulation was repeated after selective denervation of the intrinsic tongue muscles, the increase in velopharyngeal airway volume was significantly attenuated. These findings support our working hypothesis that intrinsic tongue muscles play a critical role in modulating upper airway patency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00379.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,7]],"date-time":"2006-07-07T00:44:39Z","timestamp":1152233079000},"page":"1377-1385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Anatomic consequences of intrinsic tongue muscle activation"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"E. 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