{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:54:17Z","timestamp":1778777657360,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association (AHA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14SDG18560022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14SDG18560022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), occurring during sleep periods, is highly associated with abnormalities within serotonin (5-HT) neurons, including reduced 5-HT. There is evidence that future SIDS cases experience more apnea and have abnormal arousal from sleep. In rodents, a loss of 5-HT neurons is associated with apnea in early life and, in adulthood, delayed arousal. As the activity of 5-HT neurons changes with vigilance state, we hypothesized that the degree of apnea and delayed arousal displayed by rat pups specifically lacking central 5-HT varies with state. Two-week-old tryptophan hydroxylase 2-deficient ( TPH2\u2212\/\u2212) and wild-type (WT) rat pups were placed in plethysmographic chambers supplied with room air. At the onset of active (AS) or quiet (QS) sleep, separate groups of rats were exposed to hypercapnia (5% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) or mild hypoxia (~17% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) or maintained in room air. Upon arousal, rats received room air. Apnea indexes and latencies to spontaneous arousal from AS and QS were determined for pups exposed only to room air. Arousal latencies were also calculated for TPH2\u2212\/\u2212 and WT pups exposed to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Compared with WT, TPH2\u2212\/\u2212 pups hypoventilated in all states but were profoundly more apneic solely in AS. TPH2\u2212\/\u2212 pups had delayed arousal in response to increasing CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and AS selectively delayed the arousal of TPH2\u2212\/\u2212 pups, irrespective of the gas they breathed. Thus infants who are deficient in CNS 5-HT may be at increased risk for SIDS in AS because of increased apnea and delayed arousal compared with QS.<\/jats:p><jats:p>NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs during sleep and is associated with central serotonin (5-HT) deficiency. We report that rat pups deficient in central 5-HT ( TPH2\u2212\/\u2212) are profoundly more apneic in active sleep (AS) but not quiet sleep (QS). Unlike control pups, the arousal of TPH2\u2212\/\u2212 pups in air, CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and hypoxia was delayed in AS compared with QS. Thus for infants deficient in central 5-HT, the risk of SIDS may be higher in AS than in QS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00439.2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T00:10:22Z","timestamp":1501805422000},"page":"825-834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Active sleep unmasks apnea and delayed arousal in infant rat pups lacking central serotonin"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Jacob O.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Geurts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew 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