{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:58:49Z","timestamp":1773421129513,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypercapnia produces a profound effect on respiratory drive and upper airway function to maintain airway patency. Previous work has evaluated the effects of hypercapnia on the sole arytenoid abductor, the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), using indirect measures of function, such as electromyography and direct nerve recording. Here we describe a novel method to evaluate PCA function in anesthetized animals and use this method to determine the effects of hypercapnia on PCA function. Eight dogs were anesthetized, and a laryngeal mask airway was used, in combination with high-speed videoendoscopy, to evaluate laryngeal function. A stepwise increase in inspired partial pressure of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>produced marked arytenoid abduction above 70-mmHg end-tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(ET<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>) ( P &lt; 0.001). Glottic length increased above 80-mmHg ET<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>( P &lt; 0.02), and this lead to underrepresentation of changes in glottic area, if standard measures of glottic area (normalized glottic gap area) were used. Use of a known scale to determine absolute glottic area demonstrated no plateau with increasing ET<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>up to 120 mmHg. Ventilatory parameters also continued to increase with no evidence of a maximal response. In a second anesthetic episode, repeated bursts of transient hypercapnia for 60 s with an ET<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>of 90 mmHg produced a 43\u201355% increase in glottic area ( P &lt; 0.001) at or shortly after the end of the hypercapnic burst. A laryngeal mask airway can be used in combination with videoendoscopy to precisely determine changes in laryngeal dimensions with high temporal resolution. Absolute glottic area more precisely represents PCA function than normalized glottic gap area at moderate levels of hypercapnia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00469.2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T10:35:28Z","timestamp":1418985328000},"page":"489-494","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of inhaled carbon dioxide on laryngeal abduction"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Martin-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90036-X"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.09.031"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(79)90076-8"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(73)90050-9"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010601"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.57.4.1143"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010572"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2008.07.001"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(87)80042-7"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.2.397"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00182.x"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947808700318"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.2004.04016.x"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940411300114"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014397"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(84)90037-9"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80020-7"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2007.08.001"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-195802000-00002","volume":"68","author":"Nakamura F","year":"1958","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21065"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0400211"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00506.x"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.5541030209"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(83)90075-0"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"885","volume":"44","author":"Sinclair MD","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"1","volume":"130","author":"Sonninen AA","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2004.00168.x"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019128"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.52.3.530"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00398.x"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199001000-00011"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894921010S201"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00469.2014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T23:55:18Z","timestamp":1717631718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00469.2014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,15]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/japplphysiol.00469.2014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00469.2014","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7587","1522-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,15]]}}}