{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:16:58Z","timestamp":1784330218470,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Prolactin (PRL) has been suggested as an indicator of fatigue during exertional heat stress (EHS), given its strong relationship with body core temperature (T<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>); however, the strength of this relationship during different rates of T<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub> increase and subsequent recovery is unknown. In addition, given the influence that systemic cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, have on the pituitary gland, it would be of interest to determine the relationship between PRL, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 during EHS. The purpose was to examine the PRL, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 heat stress responses during slow and fast heating and subsequent resting or cold water immersion recovery. On 4 days, nine individuals walked at \u223c45% (slow heating) or ran at \u223c65% (fast heating) maximal oxygen consumption on a treadmill in the heat (40\u00b0C, 30% relative humidity) until rectal temperature (T<jats:sub>re<\/jats:sub>) reached 39.5\u00b0C (esophageal temperature; fast = 39.41 \u00b1 0.04\u00b0C, slow = 39.82 \u00b1 0.09\u00b0C). Post-EHS, subjects were either immersed in 2\u00b0C water or rested seated until T<jats:sub>re<\/jats:sub> returned to 38.0\u00b0C. Venous blood, analyzed for PRL, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1, was obtained at rest, during exercise (T<jats:sub>re<\/jats:sub> 38.0, 39.0, 39.5\u00b0C), the start of recovery (\u223c5 min after 39.5\u00b0C), and subsequent recovery (T<jats:sub>re<\/jats:sub> 39.0, 38.0\u00b0C). IL-6 exhibited myokine properties, given the greater increases with slow heating and lack of increase in TNF-\u03b1. A strong temperature-dependent PRL response during slow and fast heating provides additional support for the use of PRL as a peripheral marker of impending fatigue, which is independent of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 cytokine responses. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00523.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,22]],"date-time":"2012-06-22T16:20:12Z","timestamp":1340382012000},"page":"574-583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Influence of circulating cytokines on prolactin during slow vs. fast exertional heat stress followed by active or passive recovery"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Heather E.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom M.","family":"McLellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TM McLellan Research Inc., Stouffville, Ontario, Canada; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Casa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen P.","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.22.2283"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-41-5-985"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08388.x"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0800-z"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000180324"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"193","volume":"19","author":"Buckler JM","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00357.2004"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013266"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.2.822"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Physical Activity Readiness-Questionnaire Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology.","author":"CSEP","year":"2002"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.2.247"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1981.240.5.F437"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.7.1643"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0876rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.4.1523"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.3.877"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(67)90002-3"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2010.516305"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.3.1032"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ddf6a2"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.3.3.331"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X230226"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.07.002"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00482.2001"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d03d36"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000123018"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.2.668"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130500101387"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.031294"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice.","author":"Marx J","year":"2010"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636100-00006"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00636618"},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"Newsholme EA , Acworth IN , Blomstrand E. 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