{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:36:21Z","timestamp":1791412581112,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["journals.physiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common sequela of prematurity. Although multifactorial in etiology, there is increasing evidence that fetal growth restriction (FGR) and antenatal exposure of the fetus to inflammation play important roles in the postnatal pathophysiology of BPD. Recent studies have focused on disrupted angiogenesis and its influence on alveolarization. Although there are multiple mechanistic links, inflammation is known to be a key driver of this disruption, affecting pulmonary arterial circulation. Although postnatal corticosteroids are commonly used in extremely premature infants to treat inflammation, aimed at obviating the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation or to facilitate extubation, the use of dexamethasone has not reduced the incidence of BPD. Here, we summarize current knowledge on alternative anti-inflammatory treatment options, which have shown promising outcomes either preclinically or clinically. These include supplementation with vitamins C and E (antioxidants), \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, pentoxifylline, anti-inflammatory cytokines of the IL (interleukin)-1 family, namely IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-37, and the beneficial properties of breast milk. Evaluating these alternative treatments, either individually or as combination therapies in randomized controlled trials stands to immensely benefit the clinical outlook, particularly regarding BPD, for extremely premature infants. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00549.2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T13:21:48Z","timestamp":1685020908000},"page":"174-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Novel concepts of treating vascular inflammation underlying neonatal lung diseases"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvind","family":"Sehgal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Newborn, Monash Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4837-7432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P.","family":"Garrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel F.","family":"Nold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Newborn, Monash Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia A.","family":"Nold-Petry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Report of the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network 2020","author":"Chow SSW","year":"2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14251"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276040"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0682-5"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3249"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68615-7"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaz8454"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1979.236.6.H818"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32677\/ijch.v8i8.2979"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2564"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2108792"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1944"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130295"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.05.002"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.2.559"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2012.44"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175805"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306859110"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601179"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13044"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(94)05503-b"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.11.4354"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528111312050003"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(97)70276-x"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-2115(97)00236-4"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1084-2756(02)00188-4"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199608000-00010"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198307143090204"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"619","volume-title":"Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy","author":"Abman SH","year":"2000"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1084-2756(02)00191-4"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15513818409025895"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.3.536"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.1.80"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01480"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2843"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.187203"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001146"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001146.pub5"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3175"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.78.2.f133"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314535117"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112189"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199503000-00015","volume":"37","author":"Moison R","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.056440"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.04020188"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199806000-00002"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.139915"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.025"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo03085a"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088103"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2021-0057"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147351"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2472"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.01030"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.04.001"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.179259"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.11.001"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00927.2001"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.04.039"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.5.687"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2405"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0459"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0181"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2018.07.007"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.14"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00291.2003"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2021.12.003"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050600736754"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.01.040"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.09.032"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081504"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.10.014"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12274"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0031OC"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4669"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02238-4"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1022104"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416714111"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3103"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010178"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaj1548"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2021.10.004"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(07)00002-2"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.11.014"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.11.021"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322771"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.182"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310898"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1586503"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.10.080"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00224"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1084-2756(02)00194-x"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2768365"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3283423e51"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02394-1"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1996.0058"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200303000-00002"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.130"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.05.003"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.01.015"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.01.007"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12339"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1990.02150260038022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00549.2022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T18:03:39Z","timestamp":1687543419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00549.2022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/japplphysiol.00549.2022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00549.2022","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7587","1522-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-12","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}