{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:43:13Z","timestamp":1791304993260,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We measured the Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>apneic threshold in preterm and term infants. We hypothesized that, compared with adult subjects, the Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>apneic threshold in neonates is very close to the eupneic Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, likely facilitating the appearance of periodic breathing and apnea. In contrast with adults, who need to be artificially hyperventilated to switch from regular to periodic breathing, neonates do this spontaneously. We therefore measured the apneic threshold as the average alveolar Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>) of the last three breaths of regular breathing preceding the first apnea of an epoch of periodic breathing. We also measured the Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>of the first three breaths of regular breathing after the last apnea of the same periodic breathing epoch. In preterm infants, eupneic Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>was 38.6 \u00b1 1.4 Torr, the preperiodic Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>apneic threshold was 37.3 \u00b1 1.4 Torr, and the postperiodic Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>was 37.2 \u00b1 1.4 Torr. In term infants, the eupneic Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>was 39.7 \u00b1 1.1 Torr, the preperiodic Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>apneic threshold was 38.7 \u00b1 1.0 Torr, and the postperiodic value was 37.9 \u00b1 1.2 Torr. This means that the Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>apneic thresholds were 1.3 \u00b1 0.1 and 1.0 \u00b1 0.2 Torr below eupneic Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>in preterm and term infants, respectively. The transition from eupneic Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>to Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>apneic threshold preceding periodic breathing was accompanied by a minor and nonsignificant increase in ventilation, primarily related to a slight increase in frequency. The findings suggest that neonates breathe very close to their Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>apneic threshold, the overall average eupneic Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>being only 1.15 \u00b1 0.2 Torr (0.95\u20131.79, 95% confidence interval) above the apneic threshold. This value is much lower than that reported for adult subjects (3.5 \u00b1 0.4 Torr). We speculate that this closeness of eupneic and apneic Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>thresholds confers great vulnerability to the respiratory control system in neonates, because minor oscillations in breathing may bring eupneic Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>below threshold, causing apnea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00574.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,16]],"date-time":"2005-03-16T05:32:59Z","timestamp":1110951179000},"page":"1171-1176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Measurement of the CO<sub>2<\/sub>apneic threshold in newborn infants: possible relevance for periodic breathing and apnea"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Akram","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Qurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Kwiatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Cates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Rigatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1959.14.6.909"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Al-Matary Kutbi I, Alvaro R, Kwiatkowski K, Cates D, and Rigatto H.The mechanistic rationale for some preterm infants do breathe primarily periodically with apneas: the major role of peripheral chemoreceptor drive (Abstract).Pediatr Res53:437A, 2003."},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Al-Saif S, Alvaro R, Manfreda J, Kwiatkowski K, Cates D, and Rigatto H.A randomized control trial of theophylline vs CO2inhalation for treating apnea of prematurity (Abstract).Pediatr Res47: 384A, 2000."},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2001.23199"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197903083001001"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02717.x"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Burri PH.Development and growth of the human lung. 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