{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:34:21Z","timestamp":1790364861631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We hypothesized that increased chemical control instability (CCI) in men could partially explain the male predominance in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). CCI was assessed by sequentially increasing respiratory control system loop gain (LG) with proportional-assist ventilation (PAV) in 10 men (age 24\u201348 yr) and 9 women (age 22\u201336 yr) until periodic breathing or awakening occurred. Women were studied in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The amount by which PAV amplified LG was quantified from the tidal volume amplification factor [(VtAF) assisted tidal volume\/unassisted tidal volume]. LG was calculated as the inverse of the VtAF occurring at the assist level immediately preceding the emergence of periodic breathing (when LG \u00d7 VtAF = 1). Only 1 of 10 men and 2 of 9 women developed periodic breathing with PAV. The rest were resistant to periodic breathing despite moderately high levels of PAV amplification. We conclude that LG is low in the majority of normal men and women and that higher volume amplification factors are needed to determine whether gender differences exist in this low range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00585.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T15:43:12Z","timestamp":1425397392000},"page":"205-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Respiratory system loop gain in normal men and women  measured with proportional-assist ventilation"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wellman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of 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