{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:28:27Z","timestamp":1783456107307,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> To assess effects of anesthesia and opioids, we studied 13 children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA, age 4.0 \u00b1 2.2 yr, mean \u00b1 SD) and 24 age-matched control subjects (5.8 \u00b1 4.0 yr). Apnea indexes of children with OSA were 29.4 \u00b1 18 h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, median 30 h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Under inhalational anesthetic, closing pressure at the mask was 2.2 \u00b1 6.9 vs. \u221214.7 \u00b1 7.8 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, OSA vs. control ( P &lt; 0.001). After intubation, spontaneous ventilation was 115.5 \u00b1 56.9 vs. 158.7 \u00b1 81.6 ml \u00b7 kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> \u00b7 min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, OSA vs. control ( P = 0.02), despite elevated Pco <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (49.3 vs. 42.1 Torr, OSA vs. control, P &lt; 0.001). Minute ventilation fell after fentanyl (0.5 \u03bcg\/kg iv), with central apnea in 6 of 13 OSA cases vs. 1 of 23 control subjects ( P &lt; 0.001). Consistent with the finding of reduced spontaneous ventilation, apnea was most likely when end-tidal CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> exceeded 50 Torr during spontaneous breathing under anesthetic. Thus children with OSA had depressed spontaneous ventilation under anesthesia, and opioids precipitated apnea in almost 50% of children with OSA who were intubated but breathing spontaneously under inhalational anesthesia. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00619.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,3]],"date-time":"2015-03-03T15:40:13Z","timestamp":1425397213000},"page":"1987-1994","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Effects of OSA, inhalational anesthesia, and fentanyl  on the airway and ventilation of children"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Waters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Sleep Medicine,"},{"name":"Medicine and"},{"name":"Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fergus","family":"McBrien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Sleep Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthetics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Hinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead NSW 2145; 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