{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:30:46Z","timestamp":1790310646234,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In the past 20 yr, force transmission via connective tissue linkages at the muscle belly surface, called epimuscular myofascial force transmission, has been studied extensively. In this article, the effects of epimuscular linkages under passive muscle conditions are reviewed. Several animal studies that included direct (invasive) measurements of force transmission have shown that different connective tissue structures serve as an epimuscular pathway and that these tissues have sufficient stiffness, especially at supraphysiological muscle lengths and relative positions, to transmit substantial passive forces (up to 15% of active optimal force). Exact values of lumped tissue stiffness for different connective tissue structures have not yet been estimated. Experiments using various imaging techniques (ultrasound, MRI, shear wave elastography) have yielded some, but weak, evidence of epimuscular myofascial force transmission for passive muscles in humans. At this point, the functional consequences of epimuscular pathways for muscle and joint mechanics in the intact body are still unknown. Potentially, however, these pathways may affect sensory feedback and, thereby, neuromuscular control. In addition, altered epimuscular force transmission in pathological conditions may also contribute to changes in passive range of joint motion. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00631.2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T14:37:55Z","timestamp":1546526275000},"page":"1465-1473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Significance of epimuscular myofascial force transmission under passive muscle conditions"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2304-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huub","family":"Maas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3798-y"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.11.011"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2914"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.04.010"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"28th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics","author":"Bender CJ","year":"2004"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"8th World Congress of Biomechanics","author":"Bernabei M","year":"2018"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-016-0795-0"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"XXII Congress of the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology","author":"Bernabei M","year":"2018"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00703.2014"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12644"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00517.2013"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1929.0014"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.168690"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/JAB.2014-0064"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.3854"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00061-9"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.51.2.317"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp007909"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0056-y"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90511.2008"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.01.039"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.002204"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000049"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.09.027"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200310000-00003"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2001.00911.x"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/apab.109.2.97.4269"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000118097"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00173.2002"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-365"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2005.00457.x"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10097"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00723.2009"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-011-0863-1"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.07.003"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008925"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.03.028"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.08.040"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15256\/joc.2011.1.2"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.1.282"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.128280"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Advances in Neuromuscular Physiology of Motor Skills and Muscle Fatigue","author":"Maas H","year":"2009"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00055-0"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00235-5"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1615619"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000132"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.10.026"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00328.2009"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000089967"},{"key":"B50","volume-title":"Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting","author":"Maas H","year":"2018"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01208.2007"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/575672"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/3167"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.02.006"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Meijer HJ. Aspects of Epimuscular Myofascial Force Transmission: a Physiological, Pathological and Comparative-Zoological Approach (PhD thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, 2007."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Aspects of Epimuscular Myofascial Force Transmission: a Physiological, Pathological and Comparative-Zoological Approach","author":"Meijer HJ","year":"2007"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00187"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00114-J"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00216.2017"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.2.467"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00587.2014"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.06.031"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00843.2001"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000323678"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01360"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.02.053"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.03.029"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00181-4"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20360"},{"key":"B70","volume-title":"Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting","author":"Smilde HA","year":"2015"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00937.2015"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091370405"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2009.04.015"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00111.2012"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icy049"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00414"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111595"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12608"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.07.005"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.122747"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00565.2017"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.049163"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.04.036"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3181e372ef"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1992523"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMultCompEng.2011002356"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13813450312331337630"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.06.004"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(83)90278-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00631.2018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T14:49:57Z","timestamp":1567954197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00631.2018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/japplphysiol.00631.2018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00631.2018","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7587","1522-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}}}