{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T14:26:54Z","timestamp":1784816814565,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Normal activity of neurons within the medullary ventral respiratory column (VRC) in or near the pre-B\u00f6tzinger Complex (preB\u00f6tC) is dependent on the balance of inhibitory and excitatory neuromodulators acting at their respective receptors. The role of cholinergic neuromodulation during awake and sleep states is unknown. Accordingly, our objective herein was to test the hypotheses that attenuation of cholinergic modulation of VRC\/preB\u00f6tC neurons in vivo with atropine would: 1) decrease breathing frequency more while awake than during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep and 2) increase other excitatory neuromodulators. To test these hypotheses, we unilaterally dialyzed mock cerebrospinal fluid (mCSF) or 50 mM atropine in mCSF in or near the preB\u00f6tC region of adult goats during the awake ( n = 9) and NREM sleep ( n = 7) states. Breathing was monitored, and effluent dialysate was collected for analysis of multiple neurochemicals. Compared with dialysis of mCSF alone, atropine increased ( P &lt; 0.05) breathing frequency while awake during the day [+10 breaths (br)\/min] and at night (+9 br\/min) and, to a lesser extent, during NREM sleep (+5 br\/min). Atropine increased ( P &lt; 0.05) effluent concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), substance P (SP), and glycine during the day and at night. When atropine was dialyzed in one preB\u00f6tC and mCSF in the contralateral preB\u00f6tC, 5-HT and SP increased only at the site of atropine dialysis. We conclude: 1) attenuation of a single neuromodulator results in local changes in other neuromodulators that affect ventilatory control, 2) effects of perturbations of cholinergic neuromodulation on breathing are state-dependent, and 3) interpretation of perturbations in vivo requires consideration of direct and indirect effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00634.2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,28]],"date-time":"2012-12-28T02:10:41Z","timestamp":1356660641000},"page":"694-704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Atropine microdialysis within or near the pre-B\u00f6tzinger Complex increases breathing frequency more during wakefulness than during NREM sleep"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Muere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 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