{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:14:28Z","timestamp":1771049668972,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Achondroplasia is a clinical condition defined by shorter stature and disproportionate limb length. Force production in able-bodied individuals (controls) is proportional to muscle size, but given the disproportionate nature of achondroplasia, normalizing to anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) is inappropriate. The aim of this study was to assess specific force of the vastus lateralis (VL) in 10 adults with achondroplasia (22 \u00b1 3 yr) and 18 sex-matched controls (22 \u00b1 2 yr). Isometric torque (iMVC\u03c4) of the dominant knee extensors (KE) and in vivo measures of VL muscle architecture, volume, activation, and patella tendon moment arm were used to calculate VL physiological CSA (PCSA), fascicle force, and specific force in both groups. Achondroplasic muscle volume was 53% smaller than controls (284 \u00b1 36 vs. 604 \u00b1 102 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, P &lt; 0.001). KE iMVC\u03c4 was 63% lower in achondroplasia compared with controls (95 \u00b1 24 vs. 256 \u00b1 47 N\u22c5m, P &lt; 0.001). Activation and moment arm length were similar between groups ( P &gt; 0.05), but coactivation of bicep femoris of achondroplasic subjects was 70% more than controls (43 \u00b1 20 vs. 13 \u00b1 5%, P &lt; 0.001). Achondroplasic subjects had 58% less PCSA (43 \u00b1 10 vs. 74.7 \u00b1 14 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, P &lt; 0.001), 29% lower fascicle force (702 \u00b1 235 vs. 1704 \u00b1 303 N, P &lt; 0.001), and 29% lower specific force than control subjects (17 \u00b1 6 vs. 24 \u00b1 6 N\u22c5cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, P = 0.012). The smaller VL specific force in achondroplasia may be attributed to infiltration of fat and connective tissue, rather than to any difference in myofilament function. <\/jats:p><jats:p> NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY The novel observation of this study was the measurement of normalized force production in a group of individuals with disproportionate limb length-to-torso ratios. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00638.2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T18:15:36Z","timestamp":1510856136000},"page":"696-703","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Specific force of the vastus lateralis in adults with achondroplasia"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"David T.","family":"Sims","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Exercise and Active Living Research, Manchester Metropolitan University, Cheshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gladys 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