{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T03:46:44Z","timestamp":1773460004070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We tested the hypotheses that active upper airway closure during induced central apneas in nonsedated lambs 1) is complete and occurs at the laryngeal level and 2) is not due to stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN). Five newborn lambs were surgically instrumented to record thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle (glottal constrictor) electromyographic (EMG) activity with supra- and subglottal pressures. Hypocapnic and nonhypocapnic central apneas were induced before and after SLN sectioning in the five lambs. A total of 174 apneas were induced, 116 before and 58 after sectioning of the internal branch of the SLN (iSLN). Continuous TA EMG activity was observed in 88% of apneas before iSLN section and in 87% of apneas after iSLN section. A transglottal pressure different from zero was observed in all apneas with TA EMG activity, with a mean subglottal pressure of 4.3 \u00b1 0.8 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O before and 4.7 \u00b1 0.7 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O after iSLN section. Supraglottal pressure was consistently atmospheric. Sectioning of both iSLNs had no effects on the results. We conclude that upper airway closure during induced central apneas in lambs is active, complete, and occurs at the glottal level only. Consequently, a positive subglottal pressure is maintained throughout the apnea. Finally, this complete active glottal closure is independent from laryngeal afferent innervation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00773.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T17:28:26Z","timestamp":1436981306000},"page":"97-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Active upper airway closure during induced central apneas in lambs is complete at the laryngeal level only"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Pierre-Hugues","family":"Fortier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Reix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Arsenault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Dorion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Praud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"REF1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.6.2329"},{"key":"REF2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(79)90076-8"},{"key":"REF3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.2.233"},{"key":"REF4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10112566"},{"key":"REF5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1709"},{"key":"REF6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00226-7"},{"key":"REF7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704931"},{"key":"REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison VC, Heese Hde V, and Klein M.The significance of grunting in hyaline membrane disease.Pediatrics41: 549-559, 1968.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.41.3.549"},{"key":"REF9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2101024"},{"key":"REF10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70058-7"},{"key":"REF11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(79)90047-1"},{"key":"REF12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.2.669"},{"key":"REF13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.3.1262"},{"key":"REF14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988409200405"},{"key":"REF15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.50.4.874"},{"key":"REF16","unstructured":"Lemaire D, Letourneau P, Dorion D, and Praud JP.Complete glottic closure during central apnea in lambs.J Otolaryngol28: 13-19, 1999."},{"key":"REF17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(99)00032-8"},{"key":"REF18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.54.3.814"},{"key":"REF19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.6.2496"},{"key":"REF20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.55.1.22"},{"key":"REF21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(95)00084-4"},{"key":"REF22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.3.946"},{"key":"REF23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.3.962"},{"key":"REF24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.4.1689"},{"key":"REF25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.2.7633735"},{"key":"REF26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2001.118076"},{"key":"REF27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.5.9807088"},{"key":"REF28","unstructured":"Rigatto H.Breathing and sleep in preterm infants. 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