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In all subjects, adenosine resulted in the development of dyspnea, assessed by handgrip dynamometry, without any significant change ( P &gt; 0.1) in lung resistance as measured by the interrupter technique. There were significant increases ( P &lt; 0.05) in ventilation and heart rate in response to adenosine. The dyspneic response occurred slightly before the ventilatory or heart rate responses in every subject, but the timing of the dyspneic, ventilatory, and heart rate responses was not significantly different when the group data were analyzed (18.9 \u00b1 5.8, 20.3 \u00b1 5.5, and 19.7 \u00b1 4.5 s, respectively). During hyperoxia, adenosine resulted in similar effects, with no significant differences in the magnitude of the ventilatory response; however, compared with the normoxic state, the intensity of the dyspneic response was significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) reduced, whereas the heart rate response increased significantly ( P &lt; 0.05). These data indicate that intravenous adenosine-induced dyspnea is not associated with bronchospasm in normal subjects. The time latency of the response indicates that the dyspnea is probably not a consequence of peripheral chemoreceptor or brain stem respiratory center stimulation, suggesting that it is most likely secondary to stimulation of receptors in the lungs, most likely vagal C fibers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00913.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,18]],"date-time":"2004-09-18T00:29:14Z","timestamp":1095467354000},"page":"180-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Intravenous adenosine and dyspnea in humans"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Nausherwan K.","family":"Burki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wheeler J.","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu-Yuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Armitage P, Berry G, and Matthews JNS.Statistical Methods in Medical Research(4th ed.). 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