{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:09:24Z","timestamp":1790982564383,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In awake goats, 29% bilateral destruction of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the pre-B\u00f6tzinger complex (pre-B\u00f6tzC) area with saporin conjugated to substance P results in transient disruptions of the normal pattern of eupneic respiratory muscle activation (Wenninger JM, Pan LG, Klum L, Leekley T, Bastastic J, Hodges MR, Feroah T, Davis S, and Forster HV. J Appl Physiol 97: 1620\u20131628, 2004). Therefore, the purpose of these studies was to determine whether large or total lesioning in the pre-B\u00f6tzC area of goats would eliminate phasic diaphragm activity and the eupneic breathing pattern. In awake goats that already had 29% bilateral destruction of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the pre-B\u00f6tzC area, bilateral ibotenic acid (10 \u03bcl, 50 mM) injection into the pre-B\u00f6tzC area resulted in a tachypneic hyperpnea that reached a maximum (132 \u00b1 10.1 breaths\/min) \u223c30\u201390 min after bilateral injection. Thereafter, breathing frequency declined, central apneas resulted in arterial hypoxemia (arterial Po<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u223c40 Torr) and hypercapnia (arterial Pco<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u223c60 Torr), and, 11 \u00b1 3 min after the peak tachypnea, respiratory failure was followed by cardiac arrest in three airway-intact goats. However, after the peak tachypnea in four tracheostomized goats, mechanical ventilation was initiated to maintain arterial blood gases at control levels, during which there was no phasic diaphragm or abdominal muscle activity. When briefly removed from the ventilator (\u223c90 s), these goats became hypoxemic and hypercapnic. During this time, minimal, passive inspiratory flow resulted from phasic abdominal muscle activity. We estimate that 70% of the neurons within the pre-B\u00f6tzC area were lesioned in these goats. We conclude that, in the awake state, the pre-B\u00f6tzC is critical for generating a diaphragm, eupneic respiratory rhythm, and that, in the absence of the pre-B\u00f6tzC, spontaneous breathing reflects the activity of an expiratory rhythm generator. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00953.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,9]],"date-time":"2004-07-09T21:09:55Z","timestamp":1089407395000},"page":"1629-1636","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Large lesions in the pre-B\u00f6tzinger complex area eliminate eupneic respiratory rhythm in awake goats"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Wenninger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. G.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Klum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Leekley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Bastastic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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V.","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01139-7"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Chuang DM, Gao XM, and Paul SM. NMDA exposure blocks glutamate toxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Mol Pharmacol 42: 210\u2013216, 1992."},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"Cotran RS, Kumar V, and Collins T. Pathologic Basis of Disease (6th ed.). 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