{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:37:31Z","timestamp":1791149851681,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Effects of long-term exercise on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), bone mineral content, bone geometric properties, and the strength indexes of bone were examined in a cross-sectional study of athletes and controls. Tibias of 25 jumpers (13 women), 30 swimmers (15 women), and 25 controls (15 women), aged 18\u201323 yr, were scanned at midsite by using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The cortical vBMD of female athletes was lower than that of the controls (2.00 \u00b1 0.05, 1.90 \u00b1 0.08, and 1.92 \u00b1 0.12 g\/cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, respectively, for controls, swimmers, and jumpers). On the other hand, periosteal areas of male jumpers and female athletes were greater than that of controls (460 \u00b1 50, 483 \u00b1 46, and 512 \u00b1 55 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively, for male controls, swimmers, and jumpers, and 283 \u00b1 52, 341 \u00b1 73, and 378 \u00b1 75 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively, for female controls, swimmers, and jumpers). The endocortical area of female swimmers was greater than that of controls (103 \u00b1 29, 148 \u00b1 52, and 135 \u00b1 54 mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively, for controls, swimmers, and jumpers). The polar moment of inertia and strength strain index of male jumpers and female athletes were significantly greater than those of controls, except for the difference in strength strain index between male jumpers and controls. We conclude that the improvement of mechanical properties of young adult bone in response to long-term exercise is related to geometric adaptation and not to vBMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01055.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T17:28:26Z","timestamp":1436981306000},"page":"219-224","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Effects of physical training on cortical bone at midtibia assessed by peripheral 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