{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:12:21Z","timestamp":1790752341916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study isolated the effect of whole head submersion in cold water, on surface heat loss and body core cooling, when the confounding effect of shivering heat production was pharmacologically eliminated. Eight healthy male subjects were studied in 17\u00b0C water under four conditions: the body was either insulated or uninsulated, with the head either above the water or completely submersed in each body-insulation subcondition. Shivering was abolished with buspirone (30 mg) and meperidine (2.5 mg\/kg), and subjects breathed compressed air throughout all trials. Over the first 30 min of immersion, exposure of the head increased core cooling both in the body-insulated conditions (head out: 0.47 \u00b1 0.2\u00b0C, head in: 0.77 \u00b1 0.2\u00b0C; P &lt; 0.05) and the body-exposed conditions (head out: 0.84 \u00b1 0.2\u00b0C and head in: 1.17 \u00b1 0.5\u00b0C; P &lt; 0.02). Submersion of the head (7% of the body surface area) in the body-exposed conditions increased total heat loss by only 10%. In both body-exposed and body-insulated conditions, head submersion increased core cooling rate much more (average of 42%) than it increased total heat loss. This may be explained by a redistribution of blood flow in response to stimulation of thermosensitive and\/or trigeminal receptors in the scalp, neck and face, where a given amount of heat loss would have a greater cooling effect on a smaller perfused body mass. In 17\u00b0C water, the head does not contribute relatively more than the rest of the body to surface heat loss; however, a cold-induced reduction of perfused body mass may allow this small increase in heat loss to cause a relatively larger cooling of the body core.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01241.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,13]],"date-time":"2006-04-13T21:25:33Z","timestamp":1144963533000},"page":"669-675","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Thermal effects of whole head submersion in cold water on nonshivering humans"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Thea","family":"Pretorius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald K.","family":"Bristow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan M.","family":"Steinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon G.","family":"Giesbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Alexander L\n                      .\n                      The Treatment of Shock From Prolonged Exposure to Cold, Especially in Water.\n                      Washington, DC: Office of Publ. Bd., Dept. of Commerce, 1946, p. 1\u2013228 (Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee. Target 24. Rep. 250)."},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17079.x"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.8.1113"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1987.127"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1969.171"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199512000-00012"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Fanger PO\n                      .\n                      Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering\n                      . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972."},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1957.10.2.235"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00052.2005"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Giesbrecht GG\n                      , Arnett JL, Vela E, and Bristow GK.\n                      Effect of task complexity on mental performance during immersion hypothermia.\n                      Aviat Space Environ Med\n                      64\n                      : 206\u2013211, 1993."},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.5.1630"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1970.66"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Gutstein B\n                      and Akil H.\n                      Opioid analgesics. In:\n                      Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basics of Therapeutics\n                      (10th ed.), edited by Hardman J and Limbird L. 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