{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:17:32Z","timestamp":1791206252307,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) is a multifunctional cytokine implicated in inflammatory processes, wound healing, and fibrosis. In muscle diseases (i.e., dystrophy and inflammatory myopathy) and in animal models of muscle injury (i.e., produced by cardiotoxin, laceration, and eccentric contractions), increased TGF-\u03b2 was associated with muscle fibrosis and healing. Although TGF-\u03b2 transcript abundance was increased following injury, many studies presume that TGF-\u03b2 protein was also active as evident by increases in collagen transcript abundance. The purpose was to determine whether TGF-\u03b2 protein is present and active 48 h following injury. Using female rats, muscle strains were produced by stretching (50 stretches) the plantar flexor muscles. Forty-eight hours following injury, the medial gastrocnemius was removed and compartmentalized into five equal segments. Damaged myofibers with intracellular concanavalin A staining were counted. The percentage of damaged myofibers was significantly greater in the distal-most segment. TGF-\u03b2 was assessed by using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and immunoblot analysis. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of TGF-\u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>in areas of myofiber injury, whereas TGF-\u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>was not detected. Increases in TGF-\u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and TGF-\u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>transcript abundance following strain injury were documented by RT-PCR analysis. Increases in TGF-\u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and TGF-\u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>precursor abundance were observed following strain injury by using immunoblot analysis but there was no change in active TGF-\u03b2 abundance. Although there was no correlation between the amount of cellular injury and TGF-\u03b2 transcript and protein abundance, elevated levels of TGF-\u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and TGF-\u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>precursor proteins were present in strain-injured skeletal muscles 48 h after injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01503.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]],"date-time":"2006-10-27T01:10:38Z","timestamp":1161911438000},"page":"755-761","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 following skeletal muscle strain injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Cheryl A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franciose","family":"Stauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Alway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Stauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041380213"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/eph8602235"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00332.2001"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.8.11.2133"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00211.2003"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(98)00093-5"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118101"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Bird JW, Carter JH, Triemer RE, Brooks RM, Spanier AM.Proteinases in cardiac and skeletal muscle.Fed Proc39: 20\u201325, 1980."},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411103311907"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006828425418"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504265190"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00915.2002"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199705000-00003"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02006"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63970-3"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01140.2003"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.53.030191.001221"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00059-7"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198808000-00005"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290040201"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00056.2003"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20150"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.97.4.957"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignotz RA, Massague J.Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates the expression of fibronectin and collagen and their incorporation into the extracellular matrix.J Biol Chem261: 4337\u20134345, 1986.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35666-1"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.925901"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.106.5.1659"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.06.110190.003121"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199702)208:2<278::AID-AJA14>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"R30","unstructured":"McLennan IS, Koishi K.The transforming growth factor-betas: multifaceted regulators of the development and maintenance of skeletal muscles, motoneurons and Schwann cells.Int J Dev Biol46: 559\u2013567, 2002."},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199907)22:7<889::AID-MUS12>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01055.2001"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"Roberts AB, Sporn MB.Peptide growth factors and their receptors. In:Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology.Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1990."},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10436"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.1.290"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880190402"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.65.4.492"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00237.2004"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198910001-00007"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20370"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.280.6.F996"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01503.2005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T23:57:46Z","timestamp":1628035066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01503.2005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/japplphysiol.01503.2005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01503.2005","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7587","1522-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}}}