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Using the Fick principle and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, we measured CBF in 12 healthy humans at rest and during hypercapnia (4 and 8% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), hypocapnia (voluntary hyperventilation), and hypoxia (12 and 10% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). At each level, blood was sampled simultaneously from the internal jugular vein and radial artery. With the exception of CNP and NO, the simultaneous quantification of norepinephrine, endothelin, or adrenomedullin showed no cerebral uptake or release during changes in arterial blood gases. Hypercapnia, but not hypocapnia, increased CBF and caused a net cerebral release of nitrite (a marker of NO), which was reflected by an increase in the venous-arterial difference for nitrite: 57 \u00b1 18 and 150 \u00b1 36 \u03bcmol\/l at 4% and 8% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, respectively (both P &lt; 0.05). Release of cerebral CNP was also observed during changes in CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(hypercapnia vs. hypocapnia, P &lt; 0.05). During hypoxia, there was a net cerebral uptake of nitrite, which was reflected by a decreased venous-arterial difference for nitrite: \u221296 \u00b1 14 \u03bcmol\/l at 10% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>( P &lt; 0.05). These data indicate that there is a differential exchange of NO across the brain during hypercapnia and hypoxia and that CNP may play a complementary role in CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-induced CBF changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90613.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,11]],"date-time":"2008-07-11T01:09:18Z","timestamp":1215738558000},"page":"1060-1068","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Human cerebral arteriovenous vasoactive exchange during alterations in arterial blood gases"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Peebles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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