{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T20:22:13Z","timestamp":1785270133235,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The equine upper airway is highly adapted to provide the extremely high oxygen demand associated with strenuous aerobic exercise in this species. The tongue musculature, innervated by the hypoglossal nerve, plays an important role in airway stability in humans who also have a highly adapted upper airway to allow speech. The role of the hypoglossal nerve in stabilizing the equine upper airway has not been established. Isolated tongues from eight mature horses were dissected to determine the distal anatomy and branching of the equine hypoglossal nerve. Using this information, a peripheral nerve location technique was used to perform bilateral block of the common trunk of the hypoglossal nerve in 10 horses. Each horse was subjected to two trials with bilateral hypoglossal nerve block and two control trials (unblocked). Upper airway stability at exercise was determined using videoendoscopy and measurement of tracheal and pharyngeal pressure. Three main nerve branches were identified, medial and lateral branches and a discrete branch that innervated the geniohyoid muscle alone. Bilateral hypoglossal block induced nasopharyngeal instability in 10\/19 trials, and none of the control trials (0\/18) resulted in instability ( P &lt; 0.001). Mean treadmill speed (\u00b1 SD) at the onset of instability was 10.8 \u00b1 2.5 m\/s. Following its onset, nasopharyngeal instability persisted until the end of the treadmill test. This instability, induced by hypoglossal nerve block, produced an expiratory obstruction similar to that seen in a naturally occurring equine disease (dorsal displacement of the soft palate, DDSP) with reduced inspiratory and expiratory pharyngeal pressure and increased expiratory tracheal pressure. These data suggest that stability of the equine upper airway at exercise may be mediated through the hypoglossal nerve. Naturally occurring DDSP in the horse shares a number of anatomic similarities with obstructive sleep apnea. Study of species with extreme respiratory adaptation, such as the horse, may provide insight into respiratory functioning in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91177.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T01:56:19Z","timestamp":1244166979000},"page":"471-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Role of the hypoglossal nerve in equine nasopharyngeal stability"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Pigott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Hermanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Campoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo V.","family":"Soderholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Thorson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norm G.","family":"Ducharme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0677h.x"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903530109"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(96)00030-8"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(96)00029-1"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200211000-00034"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00379.2006"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200502-190OC"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199709000-00014"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.073502"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.01497.x"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X313616"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.79.16.440"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Curto FS Jr, Suarez F, Kornblut AD.The extracranial hypoglossal nerve: 112 cadaver dissection.Ear Nose Throat J59: 94\u201399, 1980."},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903570305"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-008-0187-5"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Ainsworth DM, Erb HN, Shannon KJ.Repeatability and normal values for measurement of pharyngeal and tracheal pressures in exercising horses.Am J Vet Res55: 368\u2013374, 1994.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.03.368"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Woodie JB, Dykes N, Erb HN, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV.Investigations into the role of the thyrohyoid muscles in the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses.Equine Vet J35: 258\u2013263, 2003.","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403776148200"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00585121"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.083659"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franklin SH, Naylor JR, Lane JG.Effect of dorsal displacement of the soft palate on ventilation and airflow during high-intensity exercise.Equine Vet J Suppl34: 379\u2013383, 2002.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05452.x"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.851518"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200406000-00027"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, Robinson NE.Effect of bilateral blockade of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve on soft palate function in horses.Am J Vet Res59: 504\u2013508, 1998.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.04.504"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, Robinson NE.Effects of bilateral hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerve blocks on epiglottic and soft palate position in exercising horses.Am J Vet Res58: 1022\u20131026, 1997.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.09.1022"},{"key":"R27","unstructured":"Jankovic D, Wells C.Brachial Plexus. In:Regional Nerve Blocks, edited by Jankovic D and Wells C. Berlin: Blackwell Publishing, 2001, chapt. 7, p. 58\u201386."},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankowski CJ, Hebl JR, Stuart MJ, Rock MG, Pagnano MW, Beighley CM, Schroeder DR, Horlocker TT.A comparison of psoas compartment block and spinal and general anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy.Anesth Analg97: 1003\u20131009, 2003.","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000081798.89853.E7"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.5.1595"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0925-0"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05575.x"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.1.2011065"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.554"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03240-7"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0185(20001201)260:4<378::AID-AR70>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris EA, Seeherman HJ.Evaluation of upper respiratory tract function during strenuous exercise in racehorses.J Am Vet Med Assoc196: 431\u2013438, 1990.","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.03.431"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1992.tb00075.x"},{"key":"R38","unstructured":"Pae EK, Blasius JJ, Nanda R.Heterogeneity in vertical positioning of the hyoid bone in relation to genioglossal activity in men.Angle Orthod74: 343\u2013348, 2004."},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.36009"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2913338"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00319.x"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehder RS, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Nielan GJ.Measurement of upper airway pressures in exercising horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate.Am J Vet Res56: 269\u2013274, 1995.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.03.269"},{"key":"R43","unstructured":"Riha RL, Brander P, Vennelle M, Douglas NJ.A cephalometric comparison of patients with the sleep apnea\/hypopnea syndrome and their siblings.Sleep28: 315\u2013320, 2005."},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roethlisberger-Holm K.Tracheal pressure in horses with signs of dorsal displacement of the soft palate.Equine Vet J Suppl18: 70\u201374, 1995.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04893.x"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1974.54.1.75"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411010120010101"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.2.9810091"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(81)90075-X"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vloka JD, Hadzic A.The intensity of the current at which sciatic nerve stimulation is achieved is a more important factor in determining the quality of nerve block than the type of motor response obtained.Anesthesiology88: 1408\u20131411, 1998.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199805000-00039"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1987.253.6.R890"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00652.2004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.91177.2008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T06:41:42Z","timestamp":1710398502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.91177.2008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/japplphysiol.91177.2008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.91177.2008","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7587","1522-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7587","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}}}