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Nine trained breath-hold divers performed a protocol mimicking the procedures they use during breath-hold training and competition, including extensive preapneic hyperventilation and glossopharyngeal insufflation, in order to perform a maximum-duration apnea, i.e., \u201cstatic apnea\u201d (average: 335 s, range: 281\u2013403 s). Arterial blood samples were collected and cardiovascular variables recorded. Arterial partial pressures of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (Pa<jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub> and Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub>) were 128 Torr and 20 Torr, respectively, at the start of apnea. The degree of asphyxia at the end of apnea was considerable, with Pa<jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub> and Pa<jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:sub> reaching 28 Torr and 45 Torr, respectively. The concentration of S100B in serum transiently increased from 0.066 \u03bcg\/l at the start of apnea to 0.083 \u03bcg\/l after the apnea ( P &lt; 0.05). The increase in S100B is attributed to the asphyxia or to other physiological responses to apnea, for example, increased blood pressure, and probably indicates a temporary opening of the blood-brain barrier. It is not possible to conclude that the observed increase in S100B levels in serum after a maximal-duration apnea reflects a serious injury to the brain, although the results raise concerns considering negative long-term effects. At the least, the results indicate that prolonged, voluntary apnea affects the integrity of the central nervous system and do not preclude cumulative effects. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91434.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,3]],"date-time":"2009-07-03T02:37:27Z","timestamp":1246588647000},"page":"809-815","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Increased serum levels of the brain damage marker S100B after apnea in trained breath-hold divers: a study including respiratory and cardiovascular observations"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Johan P. 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