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Norepinephrine (NE) contributes to respiratory control and chemoreception, and, since disruption of NE signaling may contribute to several breathing disorders, we sought to characterize effects of NE on RTN chemoreception. All neurons included in this study responded similarly to CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/H<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>but showed differential sensitivity to NE; we found that NE activated (79%), inhibited (7%), or had no effect on activity (14%) of RTN chemoreceptors. The excitatory effect of NE on RTN chemoreceptors was dose dependent, retained in the presence of neurotransmitter receptor blockers, and could be mimicked and blocked by pharmacological manipulation of \u03b1<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-adrenergic receptors (ARs). In addition, NE-activation was blunted by XE991 (KCNQ channel blocker), and partially occluded the firing response to serotonin, suggesting involvement of KCNQ channels. However, in whole cell voltage clamp, activation of \u03b1<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-ARs decreased outward current and conductance by what appears to be a mixed effect on multiple channels. The inhibitory effect of NE on RTN chemoreceptors was blunted by an \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-AR antagonist. A third group of RTN chemoreceptors was insensitive to NE. We also found that chemosensitive RTN astrocytes do not respond to NE with a change in voltage or by releasing ATP to enhance activity of chemosensitive neurons. These results indicate NE modulates subsets of RTN chemoreceptors by mechanisms involving \u03b1<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>- and \u03b1<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-ARs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00022.2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T06:05:06Z","timestamp":1466057106000},"page":"1024-1035","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["In vitro characterization of noradrenergic modulation of chemosensitive neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Fu-Shan","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Falquetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 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