{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:42:21Z","timestamp":1788554541980,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-NS090913-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS090913-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"American Brain Foundation Clinical Research Training Fellowship"},{"name":"UC President's Postdoctoral Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The objective of this study was to evaluate proposed electroencephalographic (EEG) biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and test their correlation with motor impairment in a new, well-characterized cohort of PD patients and controls. Sixty-four-channel EEG was recorded from 14 patients with rigid-akinetic PD with minimal tremor and from 14 age-matched healthy controls at rest and during voluntary movement. Patients were tested off and on medication during a single session. Recordings were analyzed for phase-amplitude coupling over sensorimotor cortex and for pairwise coherence from all electrode pairs in the recording montage (distributed coherence). Phase-amplitude coupling and distributed coherence were found to be elevated Off compared with On levodopa, and their reduction was correlated with motor improvement. In the Off medication state, phase-amplitude coupling was greater in sensorimotor contacts contralateral to the most affected body part and reduced by voluntary movement. We conclude that phase-amplitude coupling and distributed coherence are cortical biomarkers of the parkinsonian state that are detectable noninvasively and may be useful as objective aids for management of dopaminergic therapy. Several analytic methods may be used for noninvasive measurement of abnormal brain synchronization in PD. Calculation of phase-amplitude coupling requires only a single electrode over motor cortex. <\/jats:p><jats:p> NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY Several EEG biomarkers of the parkinsonian state have been proposed that are related to abnormal cortical synchronization. We report several new findings in this study: correlations of EEG markers of synchronization with specific motor signs of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and demonstration that one of the EEG markers, phase-amplitude coupling, is more elevated over the more clinically affected brain hemisphere. These findings underscore the potential utility of scalp EEG for objective, noninvasive monitoring of medication state in PD. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00141.2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T08:46:56Z","timestamp":1557305216000},"page":"290-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Effect of levodopa on electroencephalographic biomarkers of the parkinsonian state"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3642-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svjetlana","family":"Miocinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Emory 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