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We used long-duration caloric irrigations and mathematical models of canal-otolith interactions to investigate factors contributing to the prone\/supine asymmetry. Binaural caloric irrigations were applied for 7.5 or 9.5 min with subjects in a null orientation with horizontal canals in the earth-horizontal plane (control trial), or with the subject's pitch orientation periodically changing between null, supine, and prone positions with each orientation held for 30 s (caloric step trial). The control trial responses identified a small response attributable to a direct thermal effect on vestibular afferent activity that accounted for only 15% of the observed prone\/supine asymmetry. We show that the gravito-inertial force resolution hypothesis for sensory integration of canal and otolith information predicts that the central processing of canal and otolith information produces an internal estimate of motion that includes both a rotational motion component and a linear acceleration component. These components evoke a horizontal angular VOR and linear VOR, which combine additively in the supine orientation, but subtract in the prone orientation, thus accounting for the majority of the observed prone\/supine asymmetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00174.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,8]],"date-time":"2004-06-08T00:38:45Z","timestamp":1086655125000},"page":"2333-2345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Origin of Orientation-Dependent Asymmetries in Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes Evoked by Caloric Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Peterka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire C.","family":"Gianna-Poulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lionel H.","family":"Zupan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Merfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00316.1999"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03739.x"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.2.914"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489850183089"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/0165-8107(200008)2411-VFT283"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487509121318"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00355256"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489209137491"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489609137882"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488809122255"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016486709128785"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30888.x"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487709128843"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetter M, Hain TC, and Zee DS.Influence of eye and head position on the vestibulo-ocular reflex.Exp Brain Res64: 208\u2013216, 1986.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238215"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230020"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Formby Cand Robinson DA.Measurement of vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) time constants with a caloric step stimulus.J Vestib Res10: 25\u201339, 2000.","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2000-10104"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1971.34.4.635"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09265.2003"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227346"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488909127494"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487809121468"},{"key":"R22","unstructured":"Merfeld DM.Spatial Orientation in the Squirrel Monkey: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation(PhD thesis). 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