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However, the absence of modern electrophysiological and molecular techniques limited the mechanistic insight into stimulus transduction. For decades, the research was dominated by unresolved debates over the mechanisms underlying O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    sensing and the role of putative excitatory transmitters such as dopamine, acetylcholine, and ATP. These uncertainties reflected a major gap between integrative physiology and molecular mechanisms. Since the late 1980s, the situation has changed considerably. Electrophysiological, molecular, and genetic studies have shown that O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sensing in glomus cells depends on the coupling between metabolic signals derived from the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    channels activity in the cell membrane. Over the past 20 years, a growing body of evidence has highlighted a novel role for the CB in autonomic-related diseases. An abnormal CB chemosensory overactivity has emerged as an active driver for autonomic dysfunction, featured by sympathetic excitation in conditions such as heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea, severe hypertension, and metabolic alterations. In this review, we will analyze major advances in CB research and the conceptual change from a passive sensor to a key contributor to sympathetic-mediated cardiometabolic diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00180.2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:48:12Z","timestamp":1789634892000},"page":"1442-1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Major advances in carotid body research: then and now"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Iturriaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile","place":["Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2006-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de 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