{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T05:36:27Z","timestamp":1775194587045,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Instituts de recherche en sant\u00e9 du Canada)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP106549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP106549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) experience impairments in the control of head and neck movements, suggesting dysfunction in brain stem circuitry. To examine if brain stem circuitry is altered in CP, we compared reflexes evoked in the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle by trigeminal nerve stimulation in adults with CP and in age\/sex-matched controls. Increasing the intensity of trigeminal nerve stimulation produced progressive increases in the long-latency suppression of ongoing SCM electromyography in controls. In contrast, participants with CP showed progressively increased facilitation around the same reflex window, suggesting heightened excitability of brain stem pathways. We also examined if there was altered activation of cortico-brain stem pathways in response to prenatal injury of the brain. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the SCM that were conditioned by a prior trigeminal afferent stimulation were more facilitated in CP compared with controls, especially in ipsilateral MEPs that are likely mediated by corticoreticulospinal pathways. In some participants with CP, but not in controls, a combined trigeminal nerve and cortical stimulation near threshold intensities produced large, long-lasting responses in both the SCM and biceps brachii muscles. We propose that the enhanced excitatory responses evoked from trigeminal and cortical inputs in CP are produced by heightened excitability of brain stem circuits, resulting in the augmented activation of reticulospinal pathways. Enhanced activation of reticulospinal pathways in response to early injury of the corticospinal tract may provide a compensated activation of the spinal cord or, alternatively, contribute to impairments in the precise control of head and neck functions. <\/jats:p><jats:p> NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to show that in adults with spastic cerebral palsy, activation of brain stem circuits by cortical and\/or trigeminal afferents produces excitatory responses in anterior neck muscles compared with inhibitory responses in age\/sex-matched controls. This may reflect a more excitable reticulospinal tract in response to early brain injury to provide a compensated activation of postural muscles. On the other hand, a hyperexcitable brain stem may contribute to impairments in the precise control of head and neck functions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00185.2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T11:10:34Z","timestamp":1530097834000},"page":"1428-1437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Hyperexcitability of brain stem pathways in cerebral palsy"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"A. T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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