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The TEA effects did not appear to result from direct actions on starburst cells, but rather a modulation of their synaptic inputs. Oscillatory currents were inhibited by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalene-2,3-dione (CNQX), an antagonist of AMPA\/kainate receptors, indicating that they were dependent on a periodic glutamatergic input likely from presynaptic bipolar cells. The oscillations were also inhibited by the calcium channel blockers cadmium and nifedipine, suggesting that the glutamate release was calcium dependent. Application of AP4, an agonist of mGluR6 receptors on on-center bipolar cells, blocked the oscillatory currents in starburst cells. However, application of TEA overcame the AP4 blockade, suggesting that the periodic glutamate release from bipolar cells is intrinsic to the inner plexiform layer in that, under experimental conditions, it can occur independent of photoreceptor input. The GABA receptor antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline enhanced the amplitude of oscillations in starburst cells prestimulated with TEA. Our results suggest that this enhancement was due to a reduction of a GABAergic feedback inhibition from amacrine cells to bipolar cells and the resultant increased glutamate release. Finally, we found that some ganglion cells and other types of amacrine cell also displayed rhythmic activity, suggesting that oscillatory behavior is expressed by a number of inner retinal neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00279.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,26]],"date-time":"2005-05-26T00:24:38Z","timestamp":1117067078000},"page":"1770-1780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Spontaneous Oscillatory Activity of Starburst Amacrine Cells in the Mouse Retina"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Jerome","family":"Petit-Jacques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9la","family":"V\u00f6lgyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Rudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart","family":"Bloomfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aboelela SWand Robinson DW.Physiological response properties of displaced amacrine cells of the adult ferret retina.Vis Neurosci2: 135\u2013144, 2004.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523804042051"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(83)90007-6"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383815a0"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.4.1422"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00159.2004"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90160-8"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013812"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00440.x"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10459"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00031-8"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-01-00001.1986"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410000304"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00176-4"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.16.6187"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.571ba.x"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00565-7"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-16-06395.1998"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018565"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00225611"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007187"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.4.1817"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90102-5"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80724-2"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-17-06776.1998"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10880"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00166-1"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022477203420"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.5.1558"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800011676"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(05)80030-3"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840100700211"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-17-06768.2003"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(00)00319-8"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490180212"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1953.16.1.37"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3059497"},{"key":"R37","unstructured":"Llin\u00e1s R, Ribary U, Joliot M, and Wang XJ.In:Temporal Coding in the Brain, edited by Buzsaki G, Llin\u00e1s R, Singer W, Berthoz A, and Christen Y. 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