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Here, we use calcium imaging and optogenetics to explore how a population of adrenergic-like neurons establishes and controls biases in motor programs. What is new and novel is that we uncover a modulatory layer that appears to control biases as well as form a core component of rhythm generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00302.2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:31:02Z","timestamp":1790371862000},"page":"1623-1639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optogenetic control of activity in descending\n                    <i>\n                      Tdc\n                      <sup>2+<\/sup>\n                    <\/i>\n                    neurons modulates motor program bias in the\n                    <i>Drosophila<\/i>\n                    larval locomotor system"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6621-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William V.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Andrews, St Mary\u2019s Quad","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2001-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen L.","family":"Hibbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan R.","family":"Pulver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Andrews, St Mary\u2019s Quad","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University of St Andrews, St Mary\u2019s Quad","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00731.2015"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8924"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003094"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.010"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.05.011"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00043-6"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.035"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23616"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01676-5"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00431.2013"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21966"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23152"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.052159.120"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.024"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4749-05.2006"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.09.056"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.053839.123"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.12.052"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00131"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OAIP.S20911"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14076-7"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot065656"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M414197200"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142727.mb1420s92"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"A1","volume":"6","author":"Heitler WJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Undergrad Neurosci Educ"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.09.009"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf268"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pstr.0000257"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.03.023"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-12-03900.1996"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3111"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20013-6"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith WV, Pulver SR. 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