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Extensor contractions induced in this manner were highly variable, with contraction measures having SDs of 12 to 51%, and ranges of 82 to 275%, when expressed as percentages of the means, an unexpectedly wide range for a locomotory pattern. Searches for correlations among the contraction measures showed that, in general, this high variability is not reduced by contraction measure covariation. Comparing responses (to identical input) across animals showed that extensor muscles from different animals generally significantly differed from one another. However, correlation analyses on these data suggested that these differences do not indicate that multiple extensor muscle subtypes exist. Extensor muscles instead appear to belong to a single class, albeit one with high animal to animal variability. These data thus provide another well-quantified example (along with Aplysia feeding) of a repetitive but highly variable motor pattern (in contrast to the high rhythmicity and stereotypy present in most other well-quantified repetitive motor patterns). We suggest this high variability could be an adaptive combination of locomotion, active sensing, and crypsis arising from the relatively low demand for locomotion in Carausius behavior, the highly fragmented environment the animal inhabits, and its need to avoid predatory attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00366.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,15]],"date-time":"2006-06-15T01:16:51Z","timestamp":1150334211000},"page":"2072-2088","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Natural Neural Output That Produces Highly Variable Locomotory Movements"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Hooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Guschlbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"von Uckermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ansgar","family":"B\u00fcschges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235652"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00292237"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e4ssler U.Neural Basis of Elementary Behavior in Stick Insects.Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-68813-3"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203127"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00356037"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00475.2004"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480270312"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(00)00015-7"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00615.2004"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480270311"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00606541"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1979.tb00186.x"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90057-H"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruse Hand Segev I.Mechanisms of coupling between the ipsilateral legs of a walking insect (Carausius morosus).J Exp Biol138: 455\u2013469, 1988.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.138.1.455"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5463.100"},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"D\u00fcrr V.Sterotypic leg searching movements in the stick insect: kinematic analysis, behavioural context and simulation.J Exp Biol204: 1589\u20131604, 2001."},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2004.05.002"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein Sand Graham D.Behavior and motor output of stick insects walking on a slippery surface. 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