{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:37:07Z","timestamp":1791319027210,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrical stimulation of two connected cortical areas in the monkey brain, the ventral intraparietal area (VIP) in the intraparietal sulcus and the polysensory zone (PZ) in the precentral gyrus, evokes a specific set of movements. In one interpretation, these movements correspond to those typically used to defend the body from objects that are near, approaching, or touching the skin. The present study examined the movements evoked by a puff of air aimed at various locations on the face and body of fascicularis monkeys to compare them to the movements evoked by stimulation of VIP and PZ. The air-puff-evoked movements included a movement of the eyes from any initial position toward a central region and a variety of stereotyped facial, shoulder, head, and arm movements. These movements were similar to those reported on stimulation of VIP and PZ. One difference between the air-puff-evoked movements and those evoked by stimulation of VIP and PZ is that the air puff evoked an initial startle response (a bilaterally symmetric spike in muscle activity) followed by a more sustained, lateralized response, specific to the site of the air puff. In contrast, stimulation of VIP and PZ evoked mainly a sustained, lateralized response, specific to the site of the receptive fields of the stimulated neurons. We speculate that VIP and PZ may contribute to the control of defensive movements, but that they may emphasize the more spatially specific reactions that occur after startle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00513.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T02:01:10Z","timestamp":1149040870000},"page":"3317-3329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Defensive Movements Evoked by Air Puff in Monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Dylan F.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S. A.","family":"Graziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell C\n                      .\n                      On the motions of the eye, in illustration of the uses of the muscles and nerves of the orbit.\n                      Philos Trans R Soc London\n                      111\n                      : 166-186, 1823.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1823.0017"},{"key":"REF2","unstructured":"Bergamin O\n                      , Bizzarri S, and Straumann D.\n                      Ocular torsion during voluntary blinks in humans.\n                      Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\n                      43\n                      : 3438-3443, 2002."},{"key":"REF3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.1.166"},{"key":"REF4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10030"},{"key":"REF5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02207.x"},{"key":"REF6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.3.902"},{"key":"REF7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.54.1.11"},{"key":"REF8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1031751100"},{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90052-0"},{"key":"REF10","unstructured":"Dearworth JR\n                      and Gamlin PDR.\n                      Periarcuate cortex neurons sensitive to rapidly approaching targets.\n                      Soc Neurosci Abstr\n                      28\n                      : 56.12, 2002."},{"key":"REF11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027040"},{"key":"REF12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.126"},{"key":"REF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dum RP\n                      and Strick PL.\n                      The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe.\n                      J Neurosci\n                      1\n                      : 667-689, 1991.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-03-00667.1991"},{"key":"REF14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229039"},{"key":"REF15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.52.2.323"},{"key":"REF16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.141"},{"key":"REF17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.20.12034"},{"key":"REF18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.43.7.435"},{"key":"REF19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.6.3411"},{"key":"REF20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000518"},{"key":"REF21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2268"},{"key":"REF22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/17115"},{"key":"REF23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00698-0"},{"key":"REF24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01003-6"},{"key":"REF25","unstructured":"Hediger H\n                      .\n                      Studies of the Psychology and Behavior of Captive Animals in Zoos and Circuses\n                      .\n                      New York: Criterion Books, 1955."},{"key":"REF26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(92)90053-O"},{"key":"REF27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p210245"},{"key":"REF28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00098-7"},{"key":"REF29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.65.6.1243"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Landis C\n                      and Hunt WA.\n                      The Startle Pattern\n                      .\n                      New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1939."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20001204)428:1<112::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"REF32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050833"},{"key":"REF33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.03-12-02563.1983"},{"key":"REF34","unstructured":"Riggs LA\n                      , Kelly JP, Manning KA, and Moore RK.\n                      Blink-related eye movements.\n                      Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci\n                      28\n                      : 334-342, 1987."},{"key":"REF35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10029"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(81)90053-X"},{"key":"REF37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.6.4056"},{"key":"REF38","unstructured":"Schiff W\n                      .\n                      Perception of impending collision: a study of visually directed avoidant behavior.\n                      Psychol Monogr Gen Appl\n                      79\n                      : 1-26, 1965."},{"key":"REF39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.136.3520.982"},{"key":"REF40","unstructured":"Schlack A\n                      , Sterbing S, Hartung K, Hoffmann K-P, and Bremmer F.\n                      Spatially congruent auditory and visual responses in macaque area VIP.\n                      Soc Neurosci Abstr\n                      26\n                      : 399.7, 2000."},{"key":"REF41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90013-5"},{"key":"REF42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01141-7"},{"key":"REF43","unstructured":"Strauss H\n                      .\n                      Das Zusammenschrecken.\n                      J Psychol Neurol\n                      39\n                      : 111-231, 1929."},{"key":"REF44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1110"},{"key":"REF45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00154383"},{"key":"REF46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tammero LF\n                      and Dickinson MH.\n                      Collision-avoidance and landing responses are mediated by separate pathways in the fruit fly,\n                      Drosophila melanogaster.\n                      J Exp Biol\n                      205\n                      : 2785-2798, 2002.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.18.2785"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(91)90275-S"},{"key":"REF48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234111"},{"key":"REF49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.4.1713"},{"key":"REF50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00057-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jn.00513.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T17:55:02Z","timestamp":1627408502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jn.00513.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jn.00513.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00513.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]}}}