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The goal of this project was to assess the effect of a rehabilitation strategy involving simultaneous arm and leg cycling on improving walking after incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). We investigated the effect of 1) non-gait-specific training and 2) active arm involvement during training on changes in over ground walking capacity. Participants with iSCI were assigned to simultaneous arm-leg cycling (A&amp;L) or legs only cycling (Leg) training paradigms, and cycling movements were assisted with electrical stimulation. Overground walking speed significantly increased by 0.092\u2009\u00b1\u20090.022 m\/s in the Leg group and 0.27\u2009\u00b1\u20090.072m\/s in the A&amp;L group after training. Whereas the increases in the Leg group were similar to those seen after current locomotor training strategies, increases in the A&amp;L group were significantly larger than those in the Leg group. Walking distance also significantly increased by 32.12\u2009\u00b1\u20098.74 m in the Leg and 91.58\u2009\u00b1\u200936.24 m in the A&amp;L group. Muscle strength, sensation, and balance improved in both groups; however, the A&amp;L group had significant improvements in most gait measures and had more regulated joint kinematics and muscle activity after training compared with the Leg group. We conclude that electrical stimulation-assisted cycling training can produce significant improvements in walking after SCI. Furthermore, active arm involvement during training can produce greater improvements in walking performance. This strategy may also be effective in people with other neural disorders or diseases.<\/jats:p><jats:p>NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY This work challenges concepts of task-specific training for the rehabilitation of walking and encourages coordinated training of the arms and legs after spinal cord injury. Cycling of the legs produced significant improvements in walking that were similar in magnitude to those reported with gait-specific training. Moreover, active engagement of the arms simultaneously with the legs generated nearly double the improvements obtained by leg training only. The cervico-lumbar networks are critical for the improvement of walking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00569.2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T15:30:46Z","timestamp":1516807846000},"page":"2194-2211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Non-gait-specific intervention for the rehabilitation of walking after SCI: role of the arms"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience &amp; Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine &amp; Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience &amp; Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine &amp; 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