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While subjects airstepped (stepping performed with kinematic assistance and 100% bodyweight support), a powered-orthosis created a dorisflexor torque during the \u201cstance phase\u201d of select steps producing highly controlled ankle-load perturbations. When given repetitive, stance phase ankle-load, the increase in hip extension work, 0.27 J\/kg above baseline (no ankle-load airstepping), was greater than the response to ankle-load applied during a single step, 0.14 J\/kg ( P = 0.029). This finding suggests that, at the hip, subjects produced both feedforward and feedback locomotor modulations. We estimate that, at the hip, the locomotor response to repetitive ankle-load was modulated almost equally by ongoing feedback and feedforward adaptations. The majority of subjects also showed after-effects in hip kinetic patterns that lasted 3 min in response to repetitive loading, providing additional evidence of feedforward locomotor adaptations. The magnitude of the after-effect was proportional to the response to repetitive ankle-foot load ( R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>= 0.92). In contrast, increases in soleus EMG amplitude were not different during repetitive and single-step ankle-load exposure, suggesting that ankle locomotor modulations were predominately feedback-based. Although subjects made both feedback and feedforward locomotor adaptations to changes in ankle-load, between-subject variations suggest that walking function may be related to the ability to make feedforward adaptations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00604.2009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,24]],"date-time":"2010-06-24T02:42:55Z","timestamp":1277347375000},"page":"1325-1338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Feedback and Feedforward Locomotor Adaptations to Ankle-Foot Load in People With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Keith E.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of 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