{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:42:07Z","timestamp":1791427327302,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To understand the contribution of the human presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) in sequential motor behavior, we performed a series of finger key-press experiments. Experiment 1 revealed that each subject had a spontaneous tendency to organize or \u201cchunk\u201d a long sequence into shorter components. We hypothesized that the pre-SMA might have a special role in initiating each chunk but not at other points during the sequence. Experiment 2 therefore examined the effect of 0.5-s, 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) directed over the pre-SMA. As hypothesized, performance was disrupted when rTMS was delivered over the pre-SMA at the beginning of the second chunk but not when it was delivered in the middle of a chunk. Contrary to the hypothesis, TMS did not disrupt sequence initiation. Experiments 3 and 4 examined whether the very first movement of a sequence could be disrupted under any circumstances. Pre-SMA TMS did disrupt the initiation of sequences but only when subjects had to switch between sequences and when the first movement of each sequence was not covertly instructed by a learned visuomotor association. In conjunction, the results suggest that for overlearned sequences the pre-SMA is primarily concerned with the initiation of a sequence or sequence chunk and the role of the pre-SMA in sequence initiation is only discerned when subjects must retrieve the sequence from memory as a superordinate set of movements without the aid of a visuomotor association. Control experiments revealed such effects were not present when rTMS was applied over the left dorsal premotor cortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00651.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,4]],"date-time":"2004-02-04T18:26:28Z","timestamp":1075919188000},"page":"978-993","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":185,"title":["Organization of Action Sequences and the Role of the Pre-SMA"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Steve W.","family":"Kennerley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.F.S.","family":"Rushworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"REF1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903360205"},{"key":"REF2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1266"},{"key":"REF3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.2.1070"},{"key":"REF4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01171-6"},{"key":"REF5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.9.908"},{"key":"REF6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.6.663"},{"key":"REF7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230650"},{"key":"REF8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.3.1562"},{"key":"REF9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199403000-00005"},{"key":"REF10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.6.3065"},{"key":"REF11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.75.1.233"},{"key":"REF12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-03-00667.1991"},{"key":"REF13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-20-06513.1996"},{"key":"REF14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.9.1587"},{"key":"REF15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(70)90222-0"},{"key":"REF16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1033-9"},{"key":"REF17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00634.2002"},{"key":"REF18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901753294392"},{"key":"REF19","unstructured":"Halsband U\n                      .\n                      Higher disturbances of movements in monkeys. In:\n                      Motor Control\n                      , edited by Gantchev B, Dimitev B, and Gatev PC. New York: Plenum, 1987, p. 79-85."},{"key":"REF20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/82854"},{"key":"REF21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.1.123"},{"key":"REF22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03284.1995"},{"key":"REF23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.4.1652"},{"key":"REF24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.617"},{"key":"REF25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002219900224"},{"key":"REF26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0626"},{"key":"REF27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-06-03775.1994"},{"key":"REF28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.222536799"},{"key":"REF29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.3.1313"},{"key":"REF30","unstructured":"Keele SW\n                      , Cohen A, and Ivry R.\n                      Motor programs: Concepts and issues. In:\n                      Attention and Performance XIII\n                      , edited by Jeannerod M. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1990, p. 77-110."},{"key":"REF31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008165"},{"key":"REF32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0393"},{"key":"REF33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903410308"},{"key":"REF34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903380109"},{"key":"REF35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.3.653"},{"key":"REF36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.4.2327"},{"key":"REF37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158"},{"key":"REF38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229866"},{"key":"REF39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227345"},{"key":"REF40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.66.3.705"},{"key":"REF41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.2.1063"},{"key":"REF42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.5.2671"},{"key":"REF43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00231987"},{"key":"REF44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90002-8"},{"key":"REF45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.6.4.319"},{"key":"REF46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1084884"},{"key":"REF47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00081-7"},{"key":"REF48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230427"},{"key":"REF49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00096-7"},{"key":"REF50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.18.4.785"},{"key":"REF51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(01)00266-5"},{"key":"REF52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.3.342"},{"key":"REF53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(82)90029-4"},{"key":"REF54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199911260-00038"},{"key":"REF55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050284"},{"key":"REF56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002219900283"},{"key":"REF57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033619"},{"key":"REF58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.7.628"},{"key":"REF59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.9.1.86"},{"key":"REF60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321593072"},{"key":"REF61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.87.5.2577"},{"key":"REF62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901750363244"},{"key":"REF63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00001.1999"},{"key":"REF64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-05-01827.1998"},{"key":"REF65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.4.2035"},{"key":"REF66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00098-0"},{"key":"REF67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.5.785"},{"key":"REF68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.3.210"},{"key":"REF69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00499-8"},{"key":"REF70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8694"},{"key":"REF71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.3247"},{"key":"REF72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5392.1335"},{"key":"REF73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.4.2148"},{"key":"REF74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.1.373"},{"key":"REF75","unstructured":"Sternberg S\n                      , Monsell S, Knoll RL, and Wright CE.\n                      The latency and duration of rapid movement sequences: comparisons of speech and typewriting. In:\n                      Information Processing in Motor Control and Learning\n                      , edited by Stelmach GE. New York: Academic, 1978, p. 117-152."},{"key":"REF76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1490-9"},{"key":"REF77","unstructured":"Talairach J\n                      and Tournoux P.\n                      Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain\n                      .\n                      Stuttgart: Thieme, 1988."},{"key":"REF78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230649"},{"key":"REF79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0349"},{"key":"REF80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(00)00027-5"},{"key":"REF81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222890309602131"},{"key":"REF82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00236.x"},{"key":"REF83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00113-9"},{"key":"REF84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01134-6"},{"key":"REF85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35036239"},{"key":"REF86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh V\n                      and Pascual-Leone A.\n                      Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neurochronometrics of Mind\n                      .\n                      Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6896.001.0001"},{"key":"REF87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10996.2002"},{"key":"REF88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(97)00096-8"},{"key":"REF89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1451"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jn.00651.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:51:13Z","timestamp":1567990273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jn.00651.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jn.00651.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00651.2003","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1016288.200337","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}