{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T16:50:59Z","timestamp":1776012659202,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenosine is released from retina in darkness; photoreceptors possess A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>adenosine receptors, and A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>agonists inhibit L-type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>currents ( I<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub>) in rods. We therefore investigated whether A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>agonists inhibit rod inputs into second-order neurons and whether selective antagonists to A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>, or A<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>receptors prevent Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx through rod I<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub>. [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>changes in rods were assessed with fura-2. I<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub>in rods and light responses of rods and second-order neurons were recorded using perforated patch-clamp techniques in the aquatic tiger salamander retinal slice preparation. Consistent with earlier results using the A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>agonist N<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)-ethyl]adenosine (DPMA), the A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>agonist CGS-21680 significantly inhibited I<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub>and depolarization-evoked [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>increases in rods. The A<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), and A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>antagonist, ZM-241385, but not the A<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>antagonist, VUF-5574, inhibited effects of adenosine on Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx in rods. DPCPX and ZM-241385 also inhibited effects of CGS-21680, suggesting they both act at A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>receptors. Both A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>agonists, CGS-21680 and DPMA, reduced light-evoked currents in second-order neurons but not light-evoked voltage responses of rods, suggesting that activation of A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptors inhibits transmitter release from rods. The inhibitory effects of CGS-21680 on both depolarization-evoked Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx and light-evoked currents in second-order neurons were antagonized by ZM-241385. By itself, ZM-241385 enhanced the light-evoked currents in second-order neurons, suggesting that endogenous levels of adenosine inhibit transmitter release from rods. The effects of these drugs suggest that endogenous adenosine activates an A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-like adenosine receptor on rods leading to inhibition of I<jats:sub>Ca<\/jats:sub>, which in turn inhibits l-glutamate release from rod photoreceptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00671.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T06:01:10Z","timestamp":1149055270000},"page":"165-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Endogenous Adenosine Reduces Glutamatergic Output From Rods Through Activation of A<sub>2<\/sub>-Like Adenosine Receptors"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"90","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Salvatore L.","family":"Stella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5540"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric 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