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We describe here an approach using high-resolution blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) of the awake mouse brain-to measure the distributed BOLD response evoked by optical activation of a local, defined cell class expressing the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). The utility of this opto-fMRI approach was explored by identifying known cortical and subcortical targets of pyramidal cells of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and by analyzing how the set of regions recruited by optogenetically driven SI activity differs between the awake and anesthetized states. Results showed positive BOLD responses in a distributed network that included secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), primary motor cortex (MI), caudoputamen (CP), and contralateral SI (c-SI). Measures in awake compared with anesthetized mice (0.7% isoflurane) showed significantly increased BOLD response in the local region (SI) and indirectly stimulated regions (SII, MI, CP, and c-SI), as well as increased BOLD signal temporal correlations between pairs of regions. These collective results suggest opto-fMRI can provide a controlled means for characterizing the distributed network downstream of a defined cell class in the awake brain. Opto-fMRI may find use in examining causal links between defined circuit elements in diverse behaviors and pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00828.2010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,15]],"date-time":"2010-12-15T23:45:39Z","timestamp":1292456739000},"page":"1393-1405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":265,"title":["Mapping brain networks in awake mice using combined optical neural control and fMRI"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge;"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Knoblich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge;"},{"name":"The MIT Media Laboratory and MIT Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Atallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MIT Media Laboratory and MIT Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kopell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biodynamics and Departments of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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