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An accurate perception of these time-varying qualities of sound is necessary for successful communication. The current study investigates the relationship between sustained envelope encoding and speech-in-noise perception in a cohort of normal-hearing younger (ages 18\u201330 yr, n = 22) and older adults (ages 55\u201390+ yr, n = 35) using the subcortical auditory steady-state response (ASSR). ASSRs were measured in response to the envelope of 400-ms amplitude-modulated (AM) tones with 3,000-Hz carrier frequencies and 80-Hz modulation frequencies. AM tones had modulation depths of 0, \u22124, and \u22128 dB relative to m\u2009=\u20091 ( m\u2009=\u20091, 0.631, and 0.398, respectively). The robustness, strength at modulation frequency, and synchrony of subcortical envelope encoding were quantified via time-domain correlations, spectral amplitude, and phase-locking value, respectively. Speech-in-noise ability was quantified via the QuickSIN test in the 0- and 5-dB signal-to-noise (SNR) conditions. All ASSR metrics increased with increasing modulation depth and there were no effects of age group. ASSR metrics in response to shallow modulation depths predicted 0-dB speech scores. Results demonstrate that sustained amplitude envelope processing in the brainstem relates to speech-in-noise abilities, but primarily in difficult listening conditions at low SNRs. These findings furthermore highlight the utility of shallow modulation depths for studying temporal processing. The absence of age effects in these data demonstrate that individual differences in the robustness, strength, and specificity of subcortical envelope processing, and not age, predict speech-in-noise performance in the most difficult listening conditions. <\/jats:p><jats:p> NEW &amp; NOTEWORTHY Failure to correctly understand speech in the presence of background noise is a significant problem for many normal-hearing adults and may impede healthy communication. The relationship between sustained envelope encoding in the brainstem and speech-in-noise perception remains to be clarified. The present study demonstrates that the strength, specificity, and robustness of the brainstem\u2019s representations of sustained stimulus periodicity relates to speech-in-noise perception in older and younger normal-hearing adults, but only in highly challenging listening environments. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00845.2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T15:50:19Z","timestamp":1564588219000},"page":"1685-1696","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Sustained envelope periodicity representations are associated with speech-in-noise performance in difficult listening conditions for younger and older adults"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-6281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn M.","family":"McClaskey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing Research Program, Department of Otolaryngology \u2014 Head and Neck Surgery, Medical 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