{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:54:49Z","timestamp":1787752489276,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are thought to result from increased inhibitory outflow from the basal ganglia to the pallidal receiving areas of thalamus (ventral oral anterior and posterior\u2014Voa,Vop). To test this hypothesis, we examined the firing rates of neurons in pallidal and cerebellar receiving areas of thalamus in five PD patients and compared them to those of neurons in comparable regions of motor thalamus in two other patient groups where hyperactivity of GPi is not believed to occur [essential tremor (ET), pain]. Neuronal recordings were made during microelectrode-guided functional stereotactic neurosurgery. The mean spontaneous firing rate (MSFR) of neurons classified as voluntary neurons and presumed to be in pallidal receiving areas of thalamus in PD patients [7.4 \u00b1 1.0 (SE) Hz] was significantly lower ( P &lt; 0.01) than in the ET (18.1 \u00b1 3.0 Hz) and pain (19.0 \u00b1 1.9Hz) groups. In contrast, the MSFR of neurons classified as kinesthetic and presumed to be primarily in the cerebellar receiving area of thalamus (ventral intermediate\u2014Vim), although some are probably in the deep shell region of the ventrocaudal nucleus (VPLa), was significantly greater in ET patients (25.8 \u00b1 3.5 Hz) than in the PD (14.3 \u00b1 1.6 Hz; P &lt; 0.01) and pain (16.1 \u00b1 1.5 Hz; P &lt; 0.05) groups. Similar findings were obtained when the neurons were grouped according to their estimated locations in Voa\/Vop and Vim of motor thalamus. These data provide support for the prediction of the classical pathophysiological model of PD and moreover suggest that pathophysiology in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway may be a possible cause of tremor in ET patients. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00881.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,9]],"date-time":"2005-02-09T20:35:55Z","timestamp":1107981355000},"page":"3094-3101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Differences in Neuronal Firing Rates in Pallidal and Cerebellar Receiving Areas of Thalamus in Patients With Parkinson's Disease, Essential Tremor, and Pain"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"G. F.","family":"Molnar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pilliar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. O.","family":"Dostrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00475.2002"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.84.2.0203"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01563-1"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.1.0043"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410108"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90110-V"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Dostrovsky J. Invasive techniques in humans: microelectrode recordings and microstimulation. In: Modern Techniques in Neuroscience Research, edited by Windhorst U and Johansson H. Berlin: Springer, 1999, p. 1199\u20131210."},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dostrovsky JO, Molnar GF, Pilliar A, Hutchison WD, Davis KD, and Lozano AM. Neuronal activity in motor thalamus of parkinson's disease patients. In: Basal Ganglia and Thalamus in Health and Movement Disorders, edited by Kultas-Illinsky K and Illinsky IA. Kluwer Academic\/Plenum, 2001, p. 267\u2013274.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1235-6_23"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filion M and Tremblay L. Abnormal spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Brain Res 547: 142\u2013151, 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90585-J"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filion M, Tremblay L, and Bedard PJ. Effects of dopamine agonists on the spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Brain Res 547: 152\u2013161, 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90586-K"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.7.1194"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.6.0924"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-05-01916.2003"},{"key":"R15","unstructured":"Hassler R. Anatomy of the thalamus. In: An Introduction to Stereotaxis With an Atlas of the Human Brain, edited by Schaltenbrand G and Bailey P. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1959, p. 230\u2013290."},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-18-07850.2002"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(89)90007-6"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000100585"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199407000-00031"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199510000-00011"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340115"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320608"},{"key":"R23","unstructured":"Jones EG. A description of the human thalamus, In: Thalamus, edited by Steriade M, Jones EG, and McCormick DA. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1997, vol. II, ch. p. 425\u2013500."},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(96)00081-7"},{"key":"R25","unstructured":"Krack P, Dostrovsky J, Ilinsky I, Kultas-Ilinsky K, Lenz F, Lozano A, and Vitek J. Surgery of the motor thalamus: problems with the present nomenclatures. Mov Disord 17 Suppl 3: S2\u2013S8, 2002."},{"key":"R26","unstructured":"Lamarre Y. Animal models of physiological, essential, and parkinsonian-like tremors. In: Movement Disorders: Tremor, edited by Findley LJ and Capildeo R. London: Macmillan, 1984, p. 183\u2013194."},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90174-0"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y74-118"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.4.0630"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00049.2001"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.5.2372"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.1.249"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420303"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236557"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.26.15222"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92404-3"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.4.0670"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199901)14:1<45::AID-MDS1009>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"R39","unstructured":"Miller WC and DeLong MR. Altered tonic activity of nerurons in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus in the primate MPTP model of parkinsonism. In: The Basal Ganglia II, edited by Carpenter M and Jayaraman A. New York: Plenum, 1987, p. 415\u2013427."},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohye C, Maeda T, and Narabayashi H. Physiologically defined VIM nucleus. Its special reference to control of tremor. Appl Neurophysiol 39: 285\u2013295, 1976.","DOI":"10.1159\/000102505"},{"key":"R41","unstructured":"Olszewski J. The Thalamus of the Macaca mulatta. An Atlas for Use With the Stereotaxic Instrument. New York: Karger, 1952."},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199911)46:5<732::AID-ANA8>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percheron G, Francois C, Talbi B, Yelnik J, Fenelon G. The primate motor thalamus. Brain Res Rev: 93\u2013181, 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(96)00003-3"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00248-6"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00228-0"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08559.2000"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000207)417:2<164::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"R48","unstructured":"Schaltenbrand G and Wahren W. Atlas for Stereotaxy of the Human Brain. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1977."},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000029726"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000098890"},{"key":"R51","unstructured":"Sherman SM and Guillery RW. Exploring the Thalamus. New York: Academic, 2001."},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01400708"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30776-9"},{"key":"R54","unstructured":"Tasker RR, Davis KD, Hutchison WD, and Dostrovsky JO. Subcortical and thalamic mapping in functional neurosurgery. In: Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, edited by Gildenberg PLaTRR. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998, p. 883\u2013909."},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30478-9"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02450325"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.4.1498"},{"key":"R58","unstructured":"Vitek JL, Ashe J, and Kaneoke Y. Spontaneous neuronal activity in the motor thalamus: alteration in the pattern and rate in parkinsonism. Soc Neurosci Abstr 20: 561, 1994b."},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050696"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360413"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00296.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jn.00881.2004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:44:49Z","timestamp":1567989889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jn.00881.2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jn.00881.2004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00881.2004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}