{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:30:10Z","timestamp":1791070210630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"Most research on basic mechanisms of epilepsy and the design of new antiepileptic drugs has focused on synaptic transmission or action potential generation. However, a number of laboratory studies have suggested that nonsynaptic mechanisms, such as modulation of electric field interactions via the extracellular space (ECS), might also contribute to neuronal hypersynchrony and epileptogenicity. To date, a role for nonsynaptic modulation of epileptic activity in the human brain has not been investigated. Here we studied the effects of molecules that modulate the volume and water content of the ECS on epileptic activity in patients suffering from neocortical and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Electrophysiological and optical imaging data were acquired from the exposed cortices of anesthetized patients undergoing surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy. Patients were given a single intravenous injection containing either 20 mg furosemide (a cation-chloride cotransporter antagonist) or 50 g mannitol (an osmolyte). Furosemide and mannitol both significantly suppressed spontaneous epileptic spikes and electrical stimulation-evoked epileptiform discharges in all subjects, completely blocking all epileptic activity in some patients without suppressing normal electroencephalographic activity. Optical imaging suggested that the spread of electrical stimulation-evoked activity over the cortex was significantly reduced by these treatments, but the magnitude of neuronal activation near the stimulating electrode was not diminished. These results suggest that nonsynaptic mechanisms play a critical role in modulating the epileptogenicity of the human brain. Furosemide and other drugs that modulate the ECS might possess clinically useful antiepileptic properties, while avoiding the side effects associated with the suppression of neuronal excitability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00944.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,23]],"date-time":"2005-02-23T20:30:45Z","timestamp":1109190645000},"page":"907-918","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Furosemide and Mannitol Suppression of Epileptic Activity in the Human Brain"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Haglund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl W.","family":"Hochman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AldenkampqAP\n , De Krom M, and Reijs R.\n Newer antiepileptic drugs and cognitive issues.\n Epilepsia\n 44\n : 21\u201329, 2003.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s4.3.x"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(91)90013-W"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90029-7"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.12.1780"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(01)00203-0"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter CH\n .\n Status epilepticus treated by intravenous urea.\n Epilepsia\n 3\n : 198\u2013200, 1962.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1962.tb05158.x"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(97)90067-9"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236151"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick PA\n and Whitty, CWM.\n Water-pitressin test in the diagnosis of epilepsy.\n Lancet\n ii\n : 566\u2013569, 1943.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)87755-7"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90056-F"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Dudek FE\n , Snow RW, and Taylor CP.\n Role of electrical interactions in synchronization of epileptiform bursts.\n Adv Neurol\n 44\n : 593\u2013617, 1986."},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1989.69.3.821"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(97)80026-4"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00123.2004"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9892.00048"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geck P\n , Pietrzyk C, Burckhardt BC, Pfeiffer B, and Heinz E.\n Electrically silent cotransport on Na\n +\n , K\n +\n and Cl\n \u2212\n in Ehrlich cells.\n Biochim Biophys Acta\n 4\n : 432\u2013447, 1980.","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(80)90446-0"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1988.68.4.1285"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haglund MM\n and Hochman DW.\n Optical imaging of epileptiform activity in human neocortex.\n Epilepsia\n 45,\n Suppl\n 4\n : 43\u201347, 2004.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.04010.x"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/358668a0"},{"key":"R20","unstructured":"Hauser WA\n .\n Incidence and prevalence. 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