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To overcome this limitation in controlling FES systems, we used probabilistic methods to estimate the levels of muscle activity in the human arm during a wide range of free movements based on kinematic information of the upper limb. Conditional probability distributions were generated based on hand kinematics and associated surface electromyographic (EMG) signals from 12 arm muscles recorded during a training task involving random movements of the arm in one subject. These distributions were then used to predict in four other subjects the patterns of muscle activity associated with eight different movement tasks. On average, about 40% of the variance in the actual EMG signals could be accounted for in the predicted EMG signals. These results suggest that probabilistic methods ultimately might be used to predict the patterns of muscle stimulation needed to produce a wide array of desired movements in paralyzed individuals with FES.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00956.2007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,25]],"date-time":"2008-04-25T00:54:51Z","timestamp":1209084891000},"page":"482-494","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Probability-Based Prediction of Activity in Multiple Arm Muscles: Implications for Functional Electrical Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Chad V.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Fuglevand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.895950"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-18-07411.1998"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/10223"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.488803"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Enoka RM, Fuglevand AJ.Neuromuscular basis of the maximum voluntary force capacity of muscle. 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