{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T11:53:35Z","timestamp":1789818815095,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"HHS | NIH | National Eye Institute (NEI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY0220122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY0220122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1120938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1120938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Many circuits in the mammalian brain are organized in a topographic or columnar manner. These circuits could be activated\u2014in ways that reveal circuit function or restore function after disease\u2014by an artificial stimulation system that is capable of independently driving local groups of neurons. Here we present a simple custom microscope called ProjectorScope 1 that incorporates off-the-shelf parts and a liquid crystal display (LCD) projector to stimulate surface brain regions that express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). In principle, local optogenetic stimulation of the brain surface with optical projection systems might not produce local activation of a highly interconnected network like the cortex, because of potential stimulation of axons of passage or extended dendritic trees. However, here we demonstrate that the combination of virally mediated ChR2 expression levels and the light intensity of ProjectorScope 1 is capable of producing local spatial activation with a resolution of \u223c200\u2013300 \u03bcm. We use the system to examine the role of cortical activity in the experience-dependent emergence of motion selectivity in immature ferret visual cortex. We find that optogenetic cortical activation alone\u2014without visual stimulation\u2014is sufficient to produce increases in motion selectivity, suggesting the presence of a sharpening mechanism that does not require precise spatiotemporal activation of the visual system. These results demonstrate that optogenetic stimulation can sculpt the developing brain. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00960.2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]],"date-time":"2015-12-02T21:03:04Z","timestamp":1449090184000},"page":"1043-1062","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Optogenetic spatial and temporal control of cortical circuits on a columnar scale"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Arani","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason J.","family":"Osik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil J.","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Fiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; and"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Van Hooser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.51.1.16"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/4\/3\/S02"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.03.005"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1965.sp007638"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017210108"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976600300015501"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-06-02112.1997"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1525"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02728-8"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08002"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-12-05251.1993"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3399-12.2012"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.008"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.5.1511"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90169-O"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.047"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2673"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-898X_8_2_006"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/380249a0"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00046"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-07-02432.1989"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105933108"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.08.026"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/7\/1\/016004"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013761"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00106.2005"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3811-10.2011"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1623"},{"key":"B30","volume":"2011","author":"Huang X","year":"2011","journal-title":"SFN Annual Meeting"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4116-13.2014"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007079"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.2991"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.3005"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"2012","volume":"33","author":"Jonas JB","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1970.33.3.459"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.49.3.686"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902780202"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1554"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1684"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07417"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07448"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10469"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00092"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.4.701"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012489"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012488"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2389"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00772.2007"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp008001"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.03.032"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8047882"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.04.005.2008"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207035109"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(76)90055-8"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2249"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3217"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"14026461","volume":"2013","author":"Pandarinath C","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Symp Bioinformatics Bioeng"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366"},{"key":"B60","volume-title":"Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain","author":"Penfield W","year":"1954","edition":"1"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1891"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971027)387:3<358::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Sensory Communication","author":"Reichardt W","year":"1961"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3866"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05639.2002"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"259","volume":"2013","author":"Ritter NJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience Meeting Planner"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902090105"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2012.03.009"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/346174a0"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3585"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.1.206"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800005101"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-898X_15_3_002"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3921"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07991"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.433"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06700.1995"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00891.2013"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0108-06.2006"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0230-12.2012"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3741"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2010.00029"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/379725a0"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-005-0006-z"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11347"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.072"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.004841"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jn.00960.2015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T02:12:28Z","timestamp":1567995148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jn.00960.2015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jn.00960.2015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00960.2015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}}}